Avian Foraging Behavior On Miconia Rubiginosa (melastomataceae) In Cerrado Fragment, São Paulo [comportamento Alimentar De Aves Em Miconia Rubiginosa (melastomataceae) Em Fragmento De Cerrado, São Paulo]

Birds of 11 species were observed feeding on fruits of Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.)DL between February and March 1985 in Itirapina cerrado, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The feeding strategies of birds with regards to fruit use, and the role of the fruits as food resources for the birds in cerrado are analyzed.92397100(1992) São Paulo: Perfil Ambiental e Estratégias, 60p. , São Paulo, Governo do EstadoHilty, S.T., Flowering and fruting periodicity in a premontane rain forest in pacific Colombia (1980) Biotropica, 12 (4), pp. 292-306. , WashingtonJanzen, D.H., Seed predation by animals (1971) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 2, pp. 465-492. , Palo AltoDispersal of seeds by vertebrate guts (1983) Coevolution, pp. 232-262. , FUTUYMA, D. T. & SLATKIN, M. eds. Sunderland, SinauerLeck, C.F., The impact of some North American migrants at fruiting trees in Panama (1972) Auk, 89, pp. 842-850. , WashingtonLevey, D.T., Seed size and fruit-handling techniques of avian frugivores (1987) Am. Nat., 12 (4), pp. 471-485. , ChicagoMartins, A.B., Semir, J., O gênero Miconia Ruiz & Pav. (Melastomataceae) no Estado de São Paulo (1996) Acta Bot. Bras., 10 (2), pp. 267-316. , São PauloMoermond, T.C., Denslow, J.S., Fruit choice in neotropical birds: Effects of fruit type and accessibility on selectivity (1983) J. Anim. Ecol., 52, pp. 407-420. , LondonNeotropical avian frugivores: Patterns of behavior, morphology, and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithological Monographs, 36, pp. 865-897. , WashingtonSick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, 861p. , Rio de Janeiro, Nova FronteiraSnow, D.W., Tropical frugivorous birds and their food plants: A world survey (1981) Biotropica, 13 (1), pp. 1-14. , WashingtonTrejo-Pérez, L., Diseminación de semillas por aves en "Los Tuxtlas" (1976) Regeneración de Selvas, 676p. , GOMEZ-COMPA, A.VASQUEZ-YANES, C. et al. eds. México, Continenta

Biology and reproductive behavior of <i>Ammodramus humeralis </i>

Este estudio sobre la biología y conducta reproductiva de <i>Ammodramus humeralis</i> fue llevado a cabo en una plantación de café cerca de Campinas, Brasil. Se utilizó un refugio para las observaciones cerca de los nidos. Estos fueron construidos con hojas de gramíneas, en el suelo, en la base de matas de pasto. La postura fue de 2 ó 3 huevos, incubados sólo por la hembra. El macho cantaba en las cercanías. Sólo un nido presentaba signos de predación, Ambos sexos alimentaban a los pichones. Estos producían dos tipos de llamada. Ambos sexos mostraron despliegues distractivos. En un caso sólo la hembra cuidó a los pichones.This study on the biology and reproductive behavior of <i>Ammodramus humeralis </i> (Bosc, 1792) was carried in a coffee-plantation near Campinas, Brazil. A blind was used for observations near the nests. These were built on the ground, under small tufts of grass, and were made of dry grass leaves. The nest is slightly domed with an opening diameter of S cm. Other average dimensions are: interne diameter 6 cm (n-4). depth S cm (n-4). externe diameter 8,4 cm (n-3). The clutch varíes from 2 to 3 eggs. incubated only by the female. The male sings in open spaces nearby. Only one nest presented singnals of predation. Both male and female feed the nestlings with insects such as grasshoppers, beetles and leaf -hoppers, carried across their bill. They also may bring small seeds found on the ground. The nestlings produced two kindsofcalls, one slowerand weak when parents were absent. and another higer aitd quick when parents arrived to feed them. Male and female showed distraction displays. In one case only the female took care of the nestlings

Feeding Behavior Of The Yellow-chevroned Parakeet At The Northeast Of The State Of São Paulo State, Brazil [comportamento Alimentar Do Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo (brotogeris Chiriri) No Interior Do Estado De São Paulo, Brasil]

This research was carried out from March 1990 to December 1993. It was designed to obtain data on the feeding behavior of the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) at four distinct areas of northeast São Paulo State. The following aspects of its feeding biology have been addressed: the plant species used as food, the items (flower, fruit, pulp, seed) included in the diet, the methods used to obtain food, and the flock size variation. Brotogeris chiriri used 45 plant species as food resource. From these it used seeds from 27 species, fruit pulp from 19 species and flowers from 16 species. There was a significant statistical variation on the methods used to gather food relative to the food item. The flock size of B. chiriri is highly variable (from one individual eating alone to about 45 individuals) on the same period of the year. The smallest average flock size was found during the breeding period of the species.15195101Altmann, J., Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods (1974) Behaviour, 49, pp. 227-267Arrowood, P.C., Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs (1988) Behaviour, 106, pp. 129-157Beissinger, S.R., Bucher, E.H., Can parrots be conserved through sustainable harvesting? (1992) Bioscience, 42, pp. 164-173Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Lefebvre, L., Variability in parrot flock size: Possible functions of communal roosts (1989) Condor, 91, pp. 842-847Collar, N.J., Information and Ignorance Concerning the World's Parrots: An Index for Twenty-first Century Research and Conservation (1998) Papageienkunde, 2, pp. 201-235Cronquist, A., (1981) An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants, , Nova York: Columbia University PressEisenmann, E., Favorite foods of neotropical birds: Flying termites and cecropia catkins (1961) Auk, 78, pp. 636-638Fallavena, M.A.B., Silva, F., Alimentação de Myiopsitta monachus (Boddart, 1783Psittacidae, Aves) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. (1988) Iheringia, 2, pp. 7-11Forshaw, J. M. (1989) Parrots of the world. 3 ed. Willoughby: Lansdowne EditionsFrench, K., Phenology of fleshy fruits in a wet sclerophyll forest in Southeastern Australia: Are birds an important influence? (1992) Oecologia, 90, pp. 366-373Galetti, M., Diet of the Scaly-headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a Semideciduous Forest in Southeastern Brazil (1993) Biotropica, 25, pp. 419-425Galetti, M., Seasonal abundance and feeding ecology of parrots and parakeets in a lowland Atlantic forest Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 115-126_, P. R. Guimarães-Junior e S. J. Mardsen (2002) Padrões de riqueza, risco de extinção e conservação dos psitacídeos neotropicais, p. 17-26. Em: M. Galetti, e M. A. Pizo (Eds.) Ecologia e conservação de psitacídeos no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Melopsittacus Publicações CientíficasHöfling, E., Camargo, H.F.A., (1993) Aves no Campus, , São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São PauloJanzen, D.H., Herbivores and the number of trees species in tropical forests (1970) Am. Nat, 104, pp. 501-528Janzen, D.H., Seed predation by animals (1971) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 2, pp. 465-492Janzen, D.H., Ficus ovalis seed predation by an Orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) in Costa Rica (1981) Auk, 98, pp. 841-844Jordano, P., Fig-seed predation and dispersal by birds (1983) Biotropica, 15, pp. 38-41Low, R., (1972) Parrots of South America, , Londres: John Gifford LtdaMaehr, D.S., Kale-II, H.W., Karalus, K., (2005) Florida's birds: A field guide and reference, , Sarasota: Pineapple pressMarcondes-Machado, L.O., Argel de Oliveira, M.M., Comportamento alimentar de aves em Cecropia (Moraceae) em Mata Atlântica, no Estado de São Paulo. (1988) Rev. Bras. Zool, 4, pp. 331-339Marcondes-Machado, L.O., Argel de Oliveira, M.M., Paranhos, S.J., Barros, Y.M., Estratégias alimentares de aves na utilização de frutos de Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae) em uma área antrópica. (1994) Iheringia, Ser. Zool, 77, pp. 57-62Martin, P., Bateson, P., (1986) Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressMoojen, J., Carvalho, J.C., Lopes, H.S., Observações sobre o conteúdo gástrico das aves brasileiras. (1941) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 36, pp. 405-444Nos, R., Camerino, M., Conducta de alimentación de cinco especies de cotorritas (Aves - Psittacidae). (1984) Misc. Zool, 8, pp. 245-252Olmos, F., Martuscelli, P., Silva, R.S., Distribution and dry-season ecology of Pfrimeri's conure Pyrrhura pfrimeri, with a reappraisal of Brazilian Pyrrhura "leucotis (1997) Ornitologia Neotropical, 8, pp. 121-132Ragusa-neto, J., Flowers, Fruits and the abundance of the Yellow-chevroned parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) at a gallery forest in the South Pantanal (Brazil) (2004) Braz. J. Biol, 64, pp. 371-382Roth, P., Repartição do hábitat entre psitacídeos simpátricos no sul da Amazônia. (1984) Acta Amazônica, 14, pp. 175-221Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Nova FronteiraSnyder, N.F.R., Wiley, J.W., Kepler, C.B., (1987) The parrots of Luquillio: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot, , Los Angeles: Western Foudation of Vertebrate ZoologyStiles, G., Skutch, A.F., (1989) A guide to the birds of Costa Rica, , Ithaca, New York: Cornell University PressWestcott, D.A., Cockburn, A., Flock size and vigilance in parrots (1988) Aust. J. Zool, 36, pp. 335-35

Fruit removal of a wild tomato, Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal (Solanaceae), by birds, bats and non-flying mammals in an urban Brazilian environment

A study of removal of fruits of the wild tomato, Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal (N = 5 plants), by vertebrates was carried out in an urban environment of southern Brazil from January to May 1997 and February 1998. To verify diurnal and nocturnal removals, fruits were counted in several fruit bunches, being classified by size and color. Diurnal observations were made on plants to verify bird removal. A mist net was placed among the plants from the evening to 23:00 h to verify bat consumption. Live traps baited with S. granulosoleprosum fruits were placed on the ground among plants to verify terrestrial removers. On average it was found two ripe fruits available per bunch/day, but unripe, small, fruits were dominant (70%). Nocturnal mammals and birds-diurnal mammals partitioned fruits similarly. Bats removing fruits were Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843) and Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810). Birds were Saltator similis Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837 and Thraupis sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766). Terrestrial mammals were a marsupial and three rodent species. Except for rodents, these vertebrates must be promoting the seed dispersal of S. granulosoleprosum seeds in disturbed mixed forests of southern Brazil

Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez. (Myrsinacea) como uma importante fonte alimentar para as aves em uma mata de galeria no interior do Estado de São Paulo Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez. (Myrsinacea) as an important food resource birds in a gallery forest in São Paulo, southeastern Brasil

Espécie típica de ambientes úmidos, Rapanea ferruginea produz diásporos globosos contendo uma única semente, envolta por um delgado pericarpo negro-arroxeado. Os comportamentos alimentares e a contribuição das aves na dispersão de sementes de R. ferruginea foram investigados em uma área de borda de mata de galeria, no município de São Manuel (22°43’S, 48°34’W), estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Em 38 horas e 40 minutos de observações realizadas entre 20 de outubro e 12 de novembro de 2005, foram consumidos 11618 frutos por 31 espécies de aves, sendo a alta taxa de remoção de diásporos provavelmente devido à superabundância de frutos e à exposição dos mesmos na planta. Das 31 espécies registradas, 25 foram consideradas como potenciais dispersores por engolirem o diásporo inteiro e por realizarem visitas freqüentes e de curta duração. Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1851 foi a espécie que mais se alimentou em R. ferruginea, seguida por Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) e Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818, responsáveis por 43% do total de frutos consumidos, sendo ainda a primeira a espécie mais freqüente. A técnica de captura de frutos mais empregada foi "picking", enquanto "hanging" foi a menos utilizada, mas predominante em Vireo olivaceus(Vieillot, 1817) e D.lineatus. Foram registrados poucos encontros agonísticos, sendo Mimus saturninus Hellmayr, 1903 a espécie responsável pelo maior número de encontros interespecíficos, enquanto que as interações intraespecíficas foram lideradas por T. amaurochalinus e por T. leucomelas.<br>Characteristic of humid habitats, Rapanea ferruginea produces globose drupes containing a single seed covered by a thin black-purplish pulp. The feeding behavior and the contribution of birds in dispersing R. ferrugineafruits was examined in a gallery forest edge in São Manuel (22°43’S, 48°34’W), state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. In 38 hours and 40 minutes of focal observations carried out between October 20 to November 12, 2005, an amount of 11618 fruits were consumed by 31 bird species, probably due to both superabundance of food and exposure of fruits on tree. From the total, 25 species could be considered potential seed dispersers by swallowing the whole diaspore and having short and frequent visits. The most common feeder were Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1851, Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) and Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818, accounting for 43% of the total fruits consumed, being the former the most frequent in R. ferruginea. The birds involved removed fruits mainly by the picking technique, while hanging was the least employed, but for Vireo olivaceus (Vieillot, 1817) and D. lineatus. Aggressive interactions were minimal, being Mimus saturninus Hellmayr, 1903 the responsible for most interespecific encounters, in contrast to intraspecific actions dominated by T. amaurochalinus and T.leucomelas