Brushing Effect Of Abrasive Dentifrices During At-home Bleaching With 10% Carbamide Peroxide On Enamel Surface Roughness

During tooth bleaching abrasive dentifrices might change the outer superficial enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the roughness of human enamel exposed to a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments. The study consisted of 60 sound human enamel slabs, randomly assigned to different treatment groups: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with a fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; and G4 - brushed without a dentifrice. There were 15 enamel slabs per group. Slabs of molar teeth were obtained and sequentially polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to obtain the mean of Ra value on the surface of each specimen to initial and experimental times. Bleaching was performed on the enamel surface for six hours daily. After that, each slab received a cleaning surface treatment and was stored in artificial saliva. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD hoc analysis (α =0.05) revealed significant differences in roughness values over time for enamel bleached and treated with different superficial cleaning methods. G1 and G4 showed no significant differences in roughness over time, G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in the surface roughness values. 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Ocorrência de plantas aquáticas nos reservatórios da Companhia Energética de São Paulo Aquatic weed survey in reservoirs controlled by the oower plant of São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as comunidades de plantas aquáticas presentes nos reservatórios da Companhia Energética de São Paulo. Os levantamentos foram realizados entre janeiro e dezembro de 1999, percorrendo-se com um barco as margens dos reservatórios de Três Irmãos, Jupiá, Ilha Solteira, Porto Primavera, Paraibuna e Jaguari, visando identificar as áreas com infestações de plantas aquáticas. Em cada ponto de avaliação, fez-se a identificação das espécies e estimou-se visualmente a área total infestada e a participação de cada espécie (em % da área total). Com as informações coletadas em campo, procedeu-se a uma etapa de trabalhos em escritório, incluindo a identificação das espécies de plantas aquáticas nos casos em que não era possível identificar as espécies no local; a determinação de classes de plantas aquáticas (emersas, emersas com folhas flutuantes, submersas, flutuantes); a identificação das espécies mais freqüentes; e o estabelecimento de relações de dominância e co-dominância. São apresentados os resultados obtidos em cada reservatório.<br>This work aimed to describe the aquatic plant communities present in reservoirs controlled by Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP). The survey was carried out from January to December 1999, using a boat along the marginal areas of Três Irmãos, Jupiá, Ilha Solteira, Porto Primavera, Paraibuna and Jaguari reservoirs, aiming to identify areas with aquatic plant infestations. In each evaluation point plant species were identified and the infested areas and participation of each species visually estimated (% of the total area). Fieldwork for data collection were followed by other studies including the identification of plant species not identified in the field; the classification of plants in groups (emersed, emersed with floating leaves, submersed and floating); the identification of the most frequent species and the determination of dominance and co-dominance relations. Results are presented for each reservoir