COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF COMMUNITIES OF DACTYLOGYRUS SPP. IN WILD AND FARMED GOLDFISH CARASSIUS AURATUS

Species composition and diversity of dactylogyrids were compared on gills of wild and cultured goldfish (silver crucian carp) Carassius auratus from 3 naturally populated lakes and 3 stocked aquaculture ponds in the Hubei province of China to examine the differences in the gill parasite community between these natural and farmed waters. Of the 7 Dactylogyrus spp. detected, all were found in lakes and 5 in ponds, with Dactylogyrus inexpectatus and Dactylogyrus anchoratus being absent from ponds. No significant correlation was found between the species richness and habitat area or host size, nor was there a significant difference in mean species richness between lakes (0.41-0.65) and ponds (0.30-0.76). Brillouin&#39;s diversity in lakes (0.049-0.067) was higher than that in ponds (0.024-0.046), but not significantly so. Although the diversity of parasite communities was higher in wild goldfish, higher mean abundance of some Dactylogyrus spp. was found in cultured goldfish. Based on Bray-Curtis similarity, it was difficult to differentiate parasite communities in lakes from those in ponds at the infracommunity level, whereas the 3 lakes and Guanqiao pond differed markedly from the remaining 2 ponds at the component community level. Although infracommunities differed among waterbodies, no effects of fish length or waterbody type were found on infracommunity or component community structure. Together, these results suggest that abundance and species richness of Dactylogyrus spp. on goldfish in lakes and farm ponds are influenced by habitat-specific environmental factors.</p

Apophallus microsoma N. SP. from Chicks Infected with Metacercariae from Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch ) and Review of the Taxonomy and Pathology of the Genus Apophallus (Heterophyidae)

Metacercariae of an unidentified species of Apophallus Luhe, 1909 are associated with overwinter mortality in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792), in the West Fork Smith River, Oregon. We infected chicks with these metacercariae in order to identify the species. The average size of adult worms was 197 x 57 μm, which was 2 to 11 times smaller than other described Apophallus species. Eggs were also smaller, but larger in proportion to body size, than in other species of Apophallus. Based on these morphological differences, we describe Apophallus microsoma n. sp. In addition, sequences from the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene from Apophallus sp. cercariae collected in the study area, which are likely conspecific with experimentally cultivated A. microsoma, differ by >12% from those we obtained from Apophallus donicus (Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919) and from Apophallus brevis Ransom, 1920. The taxonomy and pathology of Apophallus species is reviewed.Keywords: Mortality, St. Lawrence River, Life cycle, Parasite, Perch Perca flavescens, Trematoda, Yellow perch, Brevis, Oregon, Nanophyetus salmincol

A clustering of heterozygous missense variants in the crucial chromatin modifier WDR5 defines a new neurodevelopmental disorder

WDR5 is a broadly studied, highly conserved key protein involved in a wide array of biological functions. Among these functions, WDR5 is a part of several protein complexes that affect gene regulation via post-translational modification of histones. We collected data from 11 unrelated individuals with six different rare de novo germline missense variants in WDR5; one identical variant was found in five individuals, and another variant in two individuals. All individuals had neurodevelopmental disorders including speech/language delays (N=11), intellectual disability (N=9), epilepsy (N=7) and autism spectrum disorder (N=4). Additional phenotypic features included abnormal growth parameters (N=7), heart anomalies (N=2) and hearing loss (N=2). Three-dimensional protein structures indicate that all the residues affected by these variants are located at the surface of one side of the WDR5 protein. It is predicted that five out of the six amino acid substitutions disrupt interactions of WDR5 with RbBP5 and/or KMT2A/C, as part of the COMPASS (complex proteins associated with Set1) family complexes. Our experimental approaches in Drosophila melanogaster and human cell lines show normal protein expression, localization and protein-protein interactions for all tested variants. These results, together with the clustering of variants in a specific region of WDR5 and the absence of truncating variants so far, suggest that dominant-negative or gain-of-function mechanisms might be at play. All in all, we define a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with missense variants in WDR5 and a broad range of features. This finding highlights the important role of genes encoding COMPASS family proteins in neurodevelopmental disorders

Loss of Neuron Navigator 2 Impairs Brain and Cerebellar Development

Acknowledgements We thank the study family for their enthusiastic participationPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Different Host Exploitation Strategies in Two Zebra Mussel-Trematode Systems: Adjustments of Host Life History Traits

The zebra mussel is the intermediate host for two digenean trematodes, Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus polymorphus, infecting gills and the gonad respectively. Many gray areas exist relating to the host physiological disturbances associated with these infections, and the strategies used by these parasites to exploit their host without killing it. The aim of this study was to examine the host exploitation strategies of these trematodes and the associated host physiological disturbances. We hypothesized that these two parasite species, by infecting two different organs (gills or gonads), do not induce the same physiological changes. Four cellular responses (lysosomal and peroxisomal defence systems, lipidic peroxidation and lipidic reserves) in the host digestive gland were studied by histochemistry and stereology, as well as the energetic reserves available in gonads. Moreover, two indices were calculated related to the reproductive status and the physiological condition of the organisms. Both parasites induced adjustments of zebra mussel life history traits. The host-exploitation strategy adopted by P. folium would occur during a short-term period due to gill deformation, and could be defined as “virulent.” Moreover, this parasite had significant host gender-dependent effects: infected males displayed a slowed-down metabolism and energetic reserves more allocated to growth, whereas females displayed better defences and would allocate more energy to reproduction and maintenance. In contrast, B. polymorphus would be a more “prudent” parasite, exploiting its host during a long-term period through the consumption of reserves allocated to reproduction