Herramientas imagenológicas para la detección de patologías sinusales de origen odontogénico. Una revisión

Sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin (SPO) are common in the clinical consultation; however, the dentist has some complications to detect them because their discovery is usually incidental and through imaging studies that, in most cases, are of low quality. The objective of this review is to describe the pertinent imaging resources that allow the detection of the most frequent SPO and, at the same time, carry out an updated review of the scientific literature in order to recognize the imaging of both the maxillary sinus and the dental organs. The scientific literature focused on this topic, published between 2014 and 2020, was consulted. The review showed two important results: the first is that Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) represents the imaging modality with the best performance for the detection of SPO by what can be considered the gold standard for this purpose. The second is that the most frequent SPO is sinus mucositis, which is related to odontogenic conditions such as periapical lesions and periodontal affectations. Although Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is the most appropriate tool to detect SPO compared to images obtained by 2D devices, there are also other alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, which seem to have a promising future.Las patologías sinusales de origen odontogénico (PSO) son frecuentes en la consulta clínica; sin embargo, el odontólogo tiene algunas complicaciones para detectarlos porque su descubrimiento suele ser incidental y mediante estudios de imagen que, en la mayoría de los casos, son de baja calidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los recursos de imagen pertinentes que permitan la detección de las PSO más frecuentes y, al mismo tiempo, realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica con el fin de reconocer la imagenologia tanto del seno maxilar como de los órganos dentales. Se consultó la literatura científica centrada en este tema, publicada entre 2014 y 2020. La revisión arrojó dos resultados importantes: el primero es que la tomografía de haz cónico (TCHC) representa la modalidad de imagen con mejor desempeño para la detección de PSO, por lo que se puede considerar el estándar de oro para este propósito. La segunda es que la PSO más frecuente es la mucositis sinusal, que se relaciona con afecciones odontogénicas como lesiones periapicales y afectaciones periodontales. Si bien la TCHC es la herramienta más adecuada para detectar la SPO en comparación con las imágenes obtenidas con dispositivos 2D, también existen otras alternativas como la resonancia magnética y la ecografía, que parecen tener un futuro prometedor

Relación entre la Calidad de los Tratamientos de Ortodoncia Finalizados y la Satisfacción de los Pacientes Atendidos en la UASLP desde el año 2019 hasta 2022

Introduction: Orthodontics is an essential pillar in dentistry that affects both oral health and the psychosocial well-being of patients. Although the American Board of Orthodontics' Objective Grading System (ABO) is a key tool for measuring treatment quality, the relationship between this index and patient satisfaction is not clearly established. Objective: The study aims to understand the relationship between the quality of orthodontic treatment, assessed using the ABO index, and patient satisfaction at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí. Materials and Methods: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted in the postgraduate program of Orthodontics and Dentomaxillofacial Orthopedics at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí. 26 patients who met specific criteria were included, and both the ABO index and a modified satisfaction questionnaire were applied to them. Results: Of the 26 patients, 54% had an "acceptable" treatment according to the ABO index, while 80% reported a high level of satisfaction in the questionnaire. No significant correlation was found between treatment quality and patient satisfaction. Discussion:Despite the "acceptable" results in the ABO index, patient satisfaction did not correlate with these outcomes. This suggests that other factors, such as the doctor-patient relationship and communication, might play a more significant role in patient satisfaction than the technical quality of the treatment. Conclusions: No relationship was found between the quality of orthodontic treatment and patient satisfaction. The results suggest the need to implement educational strategies to improve treatment quality, without losing sight that patient satisfaction also depends on other factors beyond technical quality.Introducción: La ortodoncia es un pilar esencial en la odontología que afecta tanto la salud bucal como el bienestar psicosocial de los pacientes. Aunque el Índice Objetivo de Evaluación de la Junta Americana de Ortodoncia (ABO) es una herramienta clave para medir la calidad del tratamiento, la relación entre este índice y la satisfacción del paciente no está claramente establecida. Objetivo: El estudio busca entender la relación entre la calidad del tratamiento de ortodoncia, evaluada mediante el índice de la ABO, y la satisfacción del paciente en la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y analítico en el posgrado de Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Dentomaxilofacial de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Se incluyeron 26 pacientes que cumplieron con criterios específicos y se les aplicó tanto el índice de la ABO como un cuestionario de satisfacción modificado. Resultados: De los 26 pacientes, el 54% tuvo un tratamiento "aceptable" según el índice de la ABO, mientras que el 80% reportó un alto nivel de satisfacción en el cuestionario. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre la calidad del tratamiento y la satisfacción del paciente. Discusión: A pesar de los resultados "aceptables" en el índice de la ABO, la satisfacción del paciente no se correlacionó con estos resultados. Esto sugiere que otros factores, como la relación médico-paciente y la comunicación, podrían jugar un papel más significativo en la satisfacción del paciente que la calidad técnica del tratamiento. Conclusiones: No se encontró una relación entre la calidad del tratamiento ortodóncico y la satisfacción del paciente. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de implementar estrategias educativas para mejorar la calidad del tratamiento, sin perder de vista que la satisfacción del paciente también depende de otros factores más allá de la calidad técnica

Comparación de tensiones y desplazamientos entre mini-implantes de acero y titanio insertados con diferentes angulaciones: análisis de elementos finitos

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify the tensions and displacements of steel and titanium mini-implants inserted at different angles and under a retraction force. Materials and Methods: A CAD model of the TD Orthodontics mini-implant was created. The material properties (steel or titanium alloy) were then assigned. SolidWorks software was used to mesh the mini-implant and bone models and perform the finite element analysis on the mini-implants inserted at angles of 30°, 60°, and 90° with a simulated orthodontic retraction force of 2 N applied to each of these finite element models. Results: With regards to the maximum von Mises stress, there appears to be no significant difference between the steel and titanium mini-implants at the evaluated angles. In terms of displacement, the titanium mini-implants generally experienced greater displacement at the three evaluated angles compared to the stainless steel mini-implants.Objectivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar cuantitativamente las tensiones y desplazamientos de los mini-implantes de acero y titanio insertados bajo diferentes ángulos y aplicando una fuerza de retractación. Materiales y métodos: Se creó un modelo CAD del mini-implante de la marca TD Orthodontics. Posteriormente, se asignaron las características de los materiales a evaluar (acero o aleación de titanio). Se utilizó el software SolidWorks para hacer la malla de los modelos de mini-implante y hueso, y así realizar el análisis de elementos finitos en los mini-implantes con ángulos de inserción de 30°, 60°, 90° y se aplicó una fuerza de retracción ortodóncica simulada de 2 N en cada uno de estos modelos de elementos finitos. Resultados: En cuanto al estrés máximo de von Mises, observamos que parece no haber una diferencia significativa entre los mini-implantes de acero y de titanio en las angulaciones evaluadas. En cuanto al desplazamiento, los mini-implantes de titanio en general sufrieron mayor desplazamiento en las tres angulaciones evaluadas en comparación con los mini implantes de acero inoxidable.&nbsp

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The increase in bacterial resistance to one or several antibiotics has become a global health problem. Recently, nanomaterials have become a tool against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are one of the most studied nanomaterials against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Several in vitro studies report that metal nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. However, until recently, the bacterial resistance mechanisms to the bactericidal action of the nanoparticles had not been investigated. Some of the recently reported resistance mechanisms include electrostatic repulsion, ion efflux pumps, expression of extracellular matrices, and the adaptation of biofilms and mutations. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding the mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles

How Dentists Face the COVID-19 in Mexico: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Background: on 7 January 2020, a new type of coronavirus was isolated, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), the organism causing the outbreak that has affected the lives of all humans and has modified the rules of coexistence around the world. In Mexico, from 3 January 2020 to 9 January 2021, there have been 1439, 569 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 131,031 deaths. The World Health Organization reported that Mexico was ranked twelfth, in terms of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by country. Aim: the objective of this study was to determine what modifications dentists from the Mexican Republic have made to their dental practice during theCOVID-19 pandemic. Methods: the study was conducted based on a questionnaire to evaluate the dentists’ response and knowledge on the modifications in their dental practice to combat the new coronavirus’s cross-transmission. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed. The questionnaire was disseminated through the social network Facebook. The questionnaire was distributed to groups of dentists on Facebook, in each of the Mexican Republic states. The survey was carried out during June 2020. Results and Conclusions: from the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, 29 participated with at least one respondent. The results of the applied survey suggest that dentists, at least the population of surveyed ones, have proper knowledge of detection methods of patients suspected of COVID-19, preventive measures that must be applied in the dental office to decrease the risk of infection, and the appropriate procedures and solutions for dental office disinfection

Use of Hydrogels to Regulate Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Animal Models: A Systematic Review

The objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the use of hydrogels during and after experimental orthodontic treatment in animals. An extensive search was performed through the electronic databases, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus, from December 2020 to April 2021 for in vivo animal studies. A total of 282 studies were reviewed. Eight studies were included for final revision; four studies were conducted in rats, two in rabbits, one study in mice and one study in guinea pigs. The quality assessment of the eight included studies was performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines and the risk of bias was assessed using the Center for Systematic Review of Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool; in four of the eight articles evaluated, a high risk-of-bias rating was obtained in 40% of the criteria evaluated. In the studies reviewed, the hydrogel acted as a carrier, and inhibition (post-treatment retention) or acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement was assessed according to the active substance used in each of the articles. The uses of hydrogels for transporting active substances to regulate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement remains debatable. Future studies are suggested to evaluate the feasibility of hydrogel as a transport method in humans

Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Entry Factors in Oral Tissues and Cells: A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current data about the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its entry factors in oral tissues and cells. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Three databases were analyzed (Pubmed, Web of science and Scopus) by three independent researchers. From the 18 identified studies, 10 of them met the inclusion criteria. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 or its entry factors (angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), transmembrane serine proteases (TMPRSS), and furin) was analyzed in these 10 studies during the pandemic. Results: ACE2 expression was analyzed in 9 of the 10 studies. ACE2 is expressed mainly in the tongue, oral mucosa, salivary glands and epithelial cells. The expression of the TMPRSS2 gene or protein was analyzed in 6 studies. These studies reported that the expression of TMPRSS2 was mainly in the salivary glands, tongue, sulcular epithelium and oral mucosa; as well as in cells of the salivary glands (ductal, acinar and myoepithelial cells) and the tongue (the spinous-based cell layer, horny layer and the epithelial surface). Other TMPRSS were also reported. The expression of TMPRSS3, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS5, TMPRSS7 and TMPRSS11D was reported mainly in salivary glands and in epithelial-type cells. Furan expression was analyzed in three studies. The expression of furin was detected mainly in epithelial cells of the tongue. A variety of methods were used to carry out the detection of SARS-CoV-2 or its input molecules. Conclusions: These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect a wide variety of oral tissues and cells, and that together with the theories dedicated to explaining the oral symptoms present in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, it provides us with a good scientific basis for understanding the virus infection in the oral cavity and its consequences

Are Mechanical Vibrations an Effective Alternative to Accelerate Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Humans? A Systematic Review

The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence on the effect of mechanical vibrations, either high or low frequency, as an alternative to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in humans. A literature search from 2010 to June 2021 was conducted in the electronic databases: PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Ovid, using the eligibility criteria to identify the studies. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool and the risk of bias (RoB) in individual studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane bias risk tool. Fifteen RTCs were included for final review. Overall, the RoB was classified as low (3), moderate (5), and high (7). Three articles with low RoB, four with moderate RoB, and four with high RoB found no significant effect in the use of vibrations on orthodontic movement. Only four articles, three of them with high RoB and one with moderate RoB, found that mechanical vibrations are effective at accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. The results seemed to indicate that there is no evidence that vibratory stimuli can increase the rate of dental movement or reduce neither the time of dental alignment nor canine retraction during orthodontic treatment. It is important to note that a greater number of high-quality randomized controlled trials are urgently needed