An Energy-Aware Approach to Design Self-Adaptive AI-based Applications on the Edge

The advent of edge devices dedicated to machine learning tasks enabled the execution of AI-based applications that efficiently process and classify the data acquired by the resource-constrained devices populating the Internet of Things. The proliferation of such applications (e.g., critical monitoring in smart cities) demands new strategies to make these systems also sustainable from an energetic point of view. In this paper, we present an energy-aware approach for the design and deployment of self-adaptive AI-based applications that can balance application objectives (e.g., accuracy in object detection and frames processing rate) with energy consumption. We address the problem of determining the set of configurations that can be used to self-adapt the system with a meta-heuristic search procedure that only needs a small number of empirical samples. The final set of configurations are selected using weighted gray relational analysis, and mapped to the operation modes of the self-adaptive application. We validate our approach on an AI-based application for pedestrian detection. Results show that our self-adaptive application can outperform non-adaptive baseline configurations by saving up to 81\% of energy while loosing only between 2% and 6% in accuracy

The potential of eupraxia@sparc_lab for radiation based techniques

A proposal for building a Free Electron Laser, EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB, at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, is at present under consideration. This FEL facility will provide a unique combination of a high brightness GeV-range electron beam generated in a X-band RF linac, a 0.5 PW-class laser system and the first FEL source driven by a plasma accelerator. The FEL will produce ultra-bright pulses, with up to 1012 photons/pulse, femtosecond timescale and wavelength down to 3 nm, which lies in the so called “water window”. The experimental activity will be focused on the realization of a plasma driven short wavelength FEL able to provide high-quality photons for a user beamline. In this paper, we describe the main classes of experiments that will be performed at the facility, including coherent diffraction imaging, soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering and photofragmentation measurements. These techniques will allow studying a variety of samples, both biological and inorganic, providing information about their structure and dynamical behavior. In this context, the possibility of inducing changes in samples via pump pulses leading to the stimulation of chemical reactions or the generation of coherent excitations would tremendously benefit from pulses in the soft X-ray region. High power synchronized optical lasers and a TeraHertz radiation source will indeed be made available for THz and pump–probe experiments and a split-and-delay station will allow performing XUV-XUV pump–probe experiments.Fil: Balerna, Antonella. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Bartocci, Samanta. Università degli studi di Sassari; ItaliaFil: Batignani, Giovanni. Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza"; ItaliaFil: Cianchi, Alessandro. Universita Tor Vergata; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Chiadroni, Enrica. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Coreno, Marcello. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; Italia. Istituto di Struttura della Materia; ItaliaFil: Cricenti, Antonio. Istituto di Struttura della Materia; ItaliaFil: Dabagov, Sultan. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; Italia. National Research Nuclear University; Rusia. Lebedev Physical Institute; RusiaFil: Di Cicco, Andrea. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Faiferri, Massimo. Università degli studi di Sassari; ItaliaFil: Ferrante, Carino. Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Italia. Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza; ItaliaFil: Ferrario, Massimo. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Fumero, Giuseppe. Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; ItaliaFil: Giannessi, Luca. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste; Italia. ENEA C.R. Frascati; ItaliaFil: Gunnella, Roberto. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Leani, Juan Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; ArgentinaFil: Lupi, Stefano. Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”; Italia. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Roma La Sapienza; ItaliaFil: Macis, Salvatore. Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Italia. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; ItaliaFil: Manca, Rosa. Università degli studi di Sassari; ItaliaFil: Marcelli, Augusto. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; Italia. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Masciovecchio, Claudio. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste; ItaliaFil: Minicucci, Marco. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Morante, Silvia. Universita Tor Vergata; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Perfetto, Enrico. Universita Tor Vergata; Italia. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Petrarca, Massimo. Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza"; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Pusceddu, Fabrizio. Università degli studi di Sassari; ItaliaFil: Rezvani, Javad. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Robledo, José Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; ArgentinaFil: Rossi, Giancarlo. Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; Italia. Universita Tor Vergata; ItaliaFil: Sanchez, Hector Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; ArgentinaFil: Scopigno, Tullio. Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza; Italia. Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza"; ItaliaFil: Stefanucci, Gianluca. Universita Tor Vergata; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Stellato, Francesco. Universita Tor Vergata; Italia. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; ItaliaFil: Trapananti, Angela. Universita Degli Di Camerino; ItaliaFil: Villa, Fabio. Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare.; Itali

Gamma-Ray Burst observations by the high-energy charged particle detector on board the CSES-01 satellite between 2019 and 2021

In this paper we report the detection of five strong Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) by the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) mounted on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), operational since 2018 on a Sun-synchronous polar orbit at a $\sim$ 507 km altitude and 97$^\circ$ inclination. HEPD-01 was designed to detect high-energy electrons in the energy range 3 - 100 MeV, protons in the range 30 - 300 MeV, and light nuclei in the range 30 - 300 MeV/n. Nonetheless, Monte Carlo simulations have shown HEPD-01 is sensitive to gamma-ray photons in the energy range 300 keV - 50 MeV, even if with a moderate effective area above $\sim$ 5 MeV. A dedicated time correlation analysis between GRBs reported in literature and signals from a set of HEPD-01 trigger configuration masks has confirmed the anticipated detector sensitivity to high-energy photons. A comparison between the simultaneous time profiles of HEPD-01 electron fluxes and photons from GRB190114C, GRB190305A, GRB190928A, GRB200826B and GRB211211A has shown a remarkable similarity, in spite of the different energy ranges. The high-energy response, with peak sensitivity at about 2 MeV, and moderate effective area of the detector in the actual flight configuration explain why these five GRBs, characterised by a fluence above $\sim$ 3 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ in the energy interval 300 keV - 50 MeV, have been detected.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ

Brain functional near infrared spectroscopy in human infants : cerebral cortical haemodynamics coupled to neuronal activation in response to sensory stimulation

The assessment of cortical activation in the neonatal brain is crucial in the study of brain development, as it provides precious information for how the newborn infant processes external or internal stimuli. Thus far functional studies of neonates aimed to assess cortical responses to certain external stimuli are very few, due to the lack of suitable techniques to monitor brain activity of the newborn. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been found to be suitable for functional studies of the infant brain. By this method haemodynamic changes coupled to cortical activity can be monitored. The overall aim of the research is to assess how the brain is processing sensory stimuli (pleasant and unpleasant) in infants using a non-invasive technique such as NIRS. Studies of smell perception (studies 1 & 2) Olfaction was mainly used as the paradigm in these studies. Smelling is essential for neonatal behavioural adaptation in many mammals, including humans. Methods Study 1 Twenty-three healthy, full-term newborn infants were included in the study at a postnatal age between 6 hours and 192 hours. As odorant sources we used (i) the own mother's colostrum; (ii) vanilla essence; (iii) distilled water as a negative control. The i NIRS optodes were placed over left orbito-frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. Study 2 Twenty preterm newborn infants in stable condition at testing were studied. As odorant sources a disinfectant solution containing benzalconio chlorate (0.25%), ethylic alcohol (66.29%), excipients such as lemon oil, acetone, iso-propilic alcohol, camphor and a detergent containing dipropylene glycol methyl ether, water and mineral essences were used. The NIRS optodes were placed bilaterally over left orbitofrontal gyrus of the frontal lobe. Main findings and conclusion Study 1 The main finding of this study was that the NIRS technique can be used in the neonatal period to record activity in the orbito-frontal cortex - as mirrored by changes in blood circulation during exposure to biologically meaningful as well as artificial odors, colostrum and vanilla, respectively. The magnitude of the response in the illuminated region during colostrum exposure was inversely related to postnatal age. Study 2 This study demonstrated that the odors of solutions commonly used in NICUs might elicit a decrease in blood oxygenation in an area likely to include the orbito-frontal olfactory area. These haemodynamic changes are likely to be the result of a dynamic, physiological regulation of regional CBF based upon the olfactory- and trigeminus-related areas of the brain. Study of pain perception (study 3) Supraspinal pain processing of pain in neonates and preemies is still poorly understood. Methods Forty preterm neonates at 28-36 weeks of gestation and mean postnatal age of 30.7 h were studied following standardized tactile (skin disinfection) and painful (venipuncture) stimuli. Changes in regional cerebral haemodynamics were monitored by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) over both somatosensory cortices in 29 newborns, and over the contralateral somatosensory and occipital areas in 11 newborns. Main findings and conclusion Painful and tactile stimuli elicit specific haemodynamic responses in the somatosensory cortex, implying conscious sensory perception in preterm neonates. Somatosensory cortical activation occurs bilaterally following unilateral stimulation and these changes are more pronounced in male neonates and preterm neonates at lower gestational ages. Study of auditory perception (study 4) The aim of the study was to assess differences in activation pattern in response to auditory stimuli before and after the induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane. Methods The 'Water music", by Handel, was presented to 7 infants aged between 18 and 22 months. NIRS was recorded in different conditions: baseline with no music when the child was asleep, during the music with the child sleeping before anaesthesia, and during the music when the child was in deep anaesthesia. Main Endings and conclusion We observed pronounced bilateral [HbO2] increase during sleeping, similar to that previously reported in waken subjects and suggesting that the infant perceives the auditory stimulus and likely processes it. When the infant is anaesthetised and many neuronal circuits are not functioning, the auditory stimulus can still be perceived as suggested by the increase of Hb02 in one hemisphere, but processing might be altered. Overall conclusion These studies and other studies that have been carried out in parallel by other groups demonstrate that NIRS is a suitable technique to assess cortical activation in response to varying forms of sensory stimulation in human infants. The technique is likely to play an important role in providing new insights into the ontogeny of cortical function, as well as possibly providing a sensitive means for the early detection of perinatal cortical impairment

Handling Complex Events in Surveillance Tasks

In this paper we fully develop a fall detection application that focuses on complex event detection. We use a decoupled approach, whereby the definition of events and of their complexity is fully detached from low and intermediate image processing level. We focus on context independence and flexibility to allow the reuse of existing approaches on recognition task. We build on existing proposals based on domain knowledge representation through ontologies. We encode knowledge at the rule level, thus providing a more flexible way to handle complexity of events involving more actors and rich time relationships. We obtained positive results from an experimental dataset of 22 recordings, including simple and complex fall event

A geometric approach to the separability of the Neumann-Rosochatius system

Abstract. We study the separability of the Neumann-Rosochatius system on the n-dimensional sphere using the geometry of bi-Hamiltonian manifolds. Its well-known separation variables are recovered by means of a separability condition relating the Hamiltonian with a suitable (1, 1) tensor field on the sphere. This also allows us to iteratively construct the integrals of motion of the system. 1