UMIDADE E ÁGUA DISPONÍVEL NO SOLO EM MONOCULTIVO DE PASTAGEM E SISTEMA SILVIPASTORIL COM FILEIRAS DUPLAS DE EUCALIPTO

The expansion of silvopastoral system could be achieved through reform of forage grass monoculture system in soil with a sandy surface layer, but ranchers are concerned that there may be competition for soil water between the pasture and eucalyptus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the moisture and water available in silvopastoral system and forage grass monoculture in different seasons, distance of eucalyptus trunks or terraces at 1 m depth in a Hapludox soil. Reclamation forage grass monoculture was held with cassava (2008-2010), being the eucalyptus seedlings planted simultaneously to the planting of cassava in August 2008. Two systems of terraces spaced 20 m were evaluated: a) forage grass monoculture stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) system and b) silvopastoral system (2x3) +20 with stargrass forage and eucalypt tree (Eucalyptus grandis). Gravimetric moisture in the soil (θ) was determined in four seasons for eucalyptus tree had 2-3-year-old, from July/2010 to March/2011. Use the following sampling positions: 2.5, 5 and 10 m away from the stem of eucalyptus trees downstream of the terraces. Disturbed soil samples were collected at 0-0.2 m (A horizon – sandy texture), 0.2-0.4 (Bw1 – sandy loam texture), and 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m (Bw2 – sandy clay cloam). Field capacity and permanent wilting point waters contents was determined. The silvopastoral system compared to forage grass monoculture system decreases θ on the horizon Bw2. The θ was within the limits of the water available in the horizons A and Bw1 for the stargrass forage between the double rows of eucalyptus trees in silvopastoral system during the seasons. The silvopastoral system implemented does not compromise θ to stargrass forage at 0-0.4 m depth.A expansão de sistema silvipastoril poderia ser realizada por meio da reforma do sistema monocultivo de pastagem em solo com a camada superficial arenosa, mas os agropecuaristas receiam que possa haver competição pela água no solo entre a pastagem e o eucalipto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a umidade e a água disponível em sistema silvipastoril e monocultivo de pastagem em diferentes estações do ano, distância dos troncos de eucaliptos ou dos terraços a 1 m de profundidade em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. A reforma de pastagem foi realizada em 12 ha com o cultivo de mandioca (2008-2010), tendo sido as mudas de eucalipto plantadas simultaneamente ao plantio das manivas de mandioca em agosto de 2008. Avaliaram-se dois sistemas entre terraços espaçados em 20 m: a) sistema de monocultivo de pastagem grama-estrela roxa (Cynodon nlemfuensis) e b) sistema silvipastoril (2x3)+20 com grama-estrela roxa e eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis). A umidade gravimétrica no solo (θ) foi determinada nas quatro estações do ano para eucaliptos com 2 a 3 anos de idade, entre julho/2010 a março/2011. Utilizaram-se as seguintes posições de amostragem: 2,5, 5 e 10 m do tronco do eucalipto a jusante dos terraços. Amostras deformadas de solo foram coletadas a 0-0,2 m (horizonte A – areia-franca), 0,2-0,4 (horizonte Bw1 – franco-arenosa), e 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m (horizonte Bw2 – franco-argilo-arenosa). Determinaram-se θ na capacidade de campo e ponto de murcha permanente. O sistema silvipastoril comparado ao monocultivo de pastagem diminuiu θ no horizonte Bw2. O θ esteve dentro dos limites da água disponível nos horizontes A e Bw1 para a grama-estrela roxa entre as fileiras duplas de eucalipto no sistema silvipastoril durante as estações do ano. O sistema silvipastoril implantado não compromete θ para a grama-estrela roxa a 0-0,4 m de profundidade

<b>Behavior of beef cattle and the microclimate with and without shade</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15055 <b>Behavior of beef cattle and the microclimate with and without shade</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15055

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Aldine401 BT;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US">It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore <span class="hps">steers</span> in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cynodon plectostachyus</em>) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, w<span class="hps"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">ith effect </span></span>of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour <span class="hps">with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and </span>by <span class="hps">season, with 23.9</span>%<span class="hps"> in summer,</span> and <span class="hps">13.9</span>%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.</span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Aldine401 BT;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span></p><br><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p class="aTitulodoArtigo" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 18pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Aldine401 BT;">It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore <span class="hps">steers</span> in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (<em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cynodon plectostachyus</em>) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, w<span class="hps"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">ith effect </span></span>of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour <span class="hps">with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and </span>by <span class="hps">season, with 23.9</span>%<span class="hps"> in summer,</span> and <span class="hps">13.9</span>%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Aldine401 BT;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"> </span></span></span></p

<b>Microclimate without shade and silvopastoral system during summer and winter</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.15155 <b>Microclimate without shade and silvopastoral system during summer and winter</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i1.15155

<p class="aresumo">This study evaluated the microclimate in a system without shade (WS) and in a silvopastoral system (SP) with eucalyptus during summer and winter, by measuring the air temperature (Ta), black globe temperature (Tg), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (Ws), every 2 hours for 24 hours between rows, shade (SP) and no shade effect (WS). It was employed the randomized blocks design (months), in the plots (systems), subplots (hours) and sub-subplots (seasons). Except for Ta and RH, the Tg (24.73, 26.41ºC), Ws (3.16, 4.57 m s^-1), Black globe-humidity index (BGHI) (71.83, 73.84), Thermal load index (TLI) (74.53, 76.11) and Radiant thermal load (RTL) (526.46, 595.80 W m^-2), respectively for SP and WS, were higher in WS. Ta, RH and Ws had a quadratic effect of hour. There was an effect of season, respectively in summer and winter, on the Ta (27.55, 14.93°C), RH (72.11, 60.68%), Tg (29.80, 21.33°C), BGHI (80.04, 65.63), TLI (81.64, 69.00) and RTL (575.65, 546.61 W m^-2). Tg, RH and RTL showed an interaction of season x hour, and a quadratic effect, and the RTL had an interaction of system x season. The Tg was correlated with BGHI (0.962), TLI (0.956) and RTL (0.809). The silvopastoral system decreased the Tg and Ws, and made the environment more harmonious by decreasing the climatic differences between seasons.</p> <p class="apalavrachave"> </p><br><p class="aresumo">This study evaluated the microclimate in a system without shade (WS) and in a silvopastoral system (SP) with eucalyptus during summer and winter, by measuring the air temperature (Ta), black globe temperature (Tg), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (Ws), every 2 hours for 24 hours between rows, shade (SP) and no shade effect (WS). It was employed the randomized blocks design (months), in the plots (systems), subplots (hours) and sub-subplots (seasons). Except for Ta and RH, the Tg (24.73, 26.41ºC), Ws (3.16, 4.57 m s^-1), Black globe-humidity index (BGHI) (71.83, 73.84), Thermal load index (TLI) (74.53, 76.11) and Radiant thermal load (RTL) (526.46, 595.80 W m^-2), respectively for SP and WS, were higher in WS. Ta, RH and Ws had a quadratic effect of hour. There was an effect of season, respectively in summer and winter, on the Ta (27.55, 14.93°C), RH (72.11, 60.68%), Tg (29.80, 21.33°C), BGHI (80.04, 65.63), TLI (81.64, 69.00) and RTL (575.65, 546.61 W m^-2). Tg, RH and RTL showed an interaction of season x hour, and a quadratic effect, and the RTL had an interaction of system x season. The Tg was correlated with BGHI (0.962), TLI (0.956) and RTL (0.809). The silvopastoral system decreased the Tg and Ws, and made the environment more harmonious by decreasing the climatic differences between seasons.</p> <p class="apalavrachave"> </p