EXPERIENCES OF SINGLE MOTHERS IN THE LABOUR MARKET; COMPARATIVE STUDY IN ALBANIA AND BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA

The level of unemployment in the whole region of the Western Balkans is very high considering the average unemployment rate in the European Union. The majority of all citizens, men and women alike, encounter difficulties in the labor market. Single mothers are no exception. The purpose of the study was to investigate the main determine factors that obstacle women – single mothers in particular entering in the labour market. The methodology was a qualitative one, through conducting focus groups with single mothers and in depth interviews with key informants. The results of the study show that single mothers face several difficulties to enter in the labor market that relate mainly to the lack of child care services, adequate employment and welfare policies, effective support services, etc

Pesticidi i artropode: subletalni efekti i demografska toksikologija

Insecticides and acaricides designed to control primary harmful insects and mites may also variously affect some other arthopods present in an (agro)ecosystem (e.g. secondary pests, predators, parasitoids, saprophytes, bioindicators, pollinators). Apart from insecticides and acaricides, arthropods may also be affected by the activity of other pesticides (fungicides, herbicides, etc.). Regardless of whether they are deemed desirable or not, the effects that pesticides have on arthopods need to be quantified as closely as possible through appropriate experimental procedures. Data acquired in tests designed to determined LD50/LC50 values are inadequate for evaluation of pesticide effectiveness in the field as pesticides also cause various sublethal effects, generally disregarded in such investigations. The sublethal effects of pesticides refer to any altered behaviour and/or physiology of individuals that have survived exposure to pesticides at doses/concentrations that can be lethal (within range causing mortality in an experimental population that exceeds mortality in an untreated population) or sublethal (below that range). Pesticides affect locomotion and mobility, stimulate dispersion of arthropods from treated areas, complicate or prevent their navigation, orientation and ability to locate hosts, and cause changes in their feeding, mating and egg-laying patterns. Sublethal pesticide effects on arthropod physiology reflect on the life span, rate of development, fecundity and/or fertility, sex ratio and immunity of surviving individuals. Different parameters are being used in arthropod bioassays to determine sublethal effects (ED50/EC50, LOEC, NOEC, total effect index). Compared to acute toxicity tests, these parameters improve the quality of evaluation and create a more accurate view of the effects of a pesticide. However, such approach covers mainly fecundity/fertility alone, while all other sublethal effects remain unaccounted for. Besides, it refers to an evaluation of individuals, rather than populations, and it is the latter that are required for a more reliable evaluation of effectiveness of pesticides in real life. A demographic-toxicological approach has been proposed therefore as a way of integrating the effects that a toxicant may cause at population level, which includes the construction of life tables and computation of population growth parameters, including intrinsic rate of increase (rm) as a crucial parameter. Compared to other laboratory toxicity tests, the demographic-toxicological bioassay has been found superior in terms of a capacity to evaluate overall effects of pesticides, and such approach in evaluating pesticide effects is crucial for environmentally-based programmes of integrated plant protection and a competent evaluation of ecotoxicological risks of pesticide applications.Insekticidi i akaricidi namenjeni suzbijanju primarnih štetnih vrsta insekata i grinja deluju na različite načine i na druge artropode (sekundarne štetne vrste, predatore, parazitoide, saprofite, bioindikatore, polinatore) sa kojima dolaze u kontakt u (agro)ekosistemu. Pored insekticida i akaricida, artropode su osetljive i na delovanje drugih pesticida (fungicida, herbicida). Bez obzira da li ih posmatramo kao poželjne ili nepoželjne, efekte pesticida na artropode treba što preciznije kvantifikovati primenom odgovarajućih eksperimentalnih postupaka. Rezultati dobijeni testovima dizajniranim za određivanje LD50/LC50 vrednosti nisu dovoljni za procenu efektivnosti pesticida u polju, jer pesticidi izazivaju i različite subletalne efekte, koje ovi testovi ne uzimaju u obzir. Subletalni efekti pesticida obuhvataju promene ponašanja i/ili fiziologije jedinki preživelih ekspoziciju delovanju pesticida u dozama/koncentracijama koje mogu da budu letalne (u opsegu koji u eksperimentalnoj populaciji uzrokuje smrtnost veću od smrtnosti u kontroli) ili subletalne (ispod ovog opsega). Pesticidi utièu na lokomotornu aktivnost i mobilnost, podstiču disperziju sa tretiranih površina, otežavaju ili onemogućavaju navigaciju, orijentaciju i pronalaženje domaćina, menjaju ponašanje karakteristično za način ishrane, parenje i polaganje jaja. Subletalni efekti pesticida na fiziologiju atropoda ispoljavaju se kroz uticaj na dužinu života, brzinu razviæa, fekunditet i/ili fertilitet, odnos polova, imunitet preživelih jedinki. U testovima sa artropodama, koriste se razlièiti parametri za iskazivanje subletalnih efekata (ED50/EC50, LOEC, NOEC, indeks totalnog efekta). U poređenju sa testovima akutne toksičnosti, ovi parametri poboljšavaju kvalitet evaluacije i pružaju jasniju sliku o efektima pesticida; međutim, ovakav pristup uglavnom uzima u obzir samo fekunditet/fertilitet, dok drugi subletalni efekti ostaju neregistrovani. Pored toga, reč je o evaluaciji na nivou jedinke, a ne na nivou populacije, kakva je neophodna za pouzdaniju procenu efektivnosti pesticida u realnim uslovima. Kao način za integraciju efekata koje neki toksikant može da izazove na nivou populacije predložen je demografsko-toksikološki pristup, tj. konstruisanje tablica života i izračunavanje parametara populacionog rasta, među kojima centralno mesto pripada prirodnoj stopi rasta populacije (rm). U poređenju sa drugim laboratorijskim postupcima testiranja toksičnosti, demografsko- toksikološki biotest se pokazao kao superiorniji u proceni ukupnih efekata pesticida; ovakav pristup evaluaciji efekata pesticida suštinski je značajan za ekološki zasnovanu integralnu zaštitu bilja i kvalitetnu procenu ekotoksikološkog rizika primene pesticida

Štetne grinje gajenih biljaka – aktuelni problemi, inovativni pristupi proučavanju i mogućnosti suzbijanja (2)

Part one discusses some principal mite pests in agroecosystems and urban horticulture in European countries, Serbia and its neighbouring countries focusing primarily on issues with regard to plant production, novel methods and approaches in applied acaralogy. Part two displays some major properties of acaricides inhibiting respiration, growth and development and other synthetic substances with acaricide action on the market in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. Also some products of natural origin (azadirachtin, oils, micoacaricides) are said to be gaining in importance. Issues with regard to the fact that mites can readily develop resistance to acardicides are discussed and a survey on the results of biochemical, physiological and genetical causes of resistance are analyzed. Some basic principles of biological control of phytophagous mites and modern advances and approaches are discussed as well as current knowledge on host plant resistance to mites. Eventually, the possibility of using a combination of selective acaricides and biological control agents is discussed but also the inclusion of other modes of control (agricultural practices and physical measures) expected to contribute to an integrated management of pest populations.U prvom delu ovog preglednog rada obrađene su najznačajnije štetne vrste grinja u agroekosistemima i urbanoj hortikulturi u evropskim zemljama, zemljama u okruženju i u Srbiji danas, pre svega vrste koje su u poslednje vreme postale problem u biljnoj proizvodnji, uz osvrt na nove metode i pristupe proučavanja u primenjenoj akarologiji. U drugom delu rada prikazane su osnovne karakteristike akaricida inhibitora respiracije, inhibitora rasta i razvića i drugih sintetskih supstanci sa akaricidnim delovanjem koje su se pojavile na tržištu u poslednjoj deceniji XX i prvoj deceniji XXI veka (grinja), a ukazano je i na rastući značaj nekih proizvoda prirodnog porekla (azadirahtin, ulja, mikoakaricidi). Razmatran je problem rezistentnosti grinja na akaricide i dat je pregled rezultata proučavanja biohemijsko-fizioloških i genetskih osnova rezistentnosti. Izloženi su osnovni principi biološke kontrole fitofagnih grinja i savremena dostignuća u ovoj oblasti, kao i akltuelna saznanja o rezistentnosti biljaka domaćina na grinje. Na kraju, ukazano je na mogućnosti kombinovanja selektivnih akaricida sa biološkim kontrolnim agensima i uključivanja drugih taktika kontrole (agrotehničke i fizičke mere) u jedinstven sistem integralnog upravljanja populacijama štetnih organizama

Štetne grinje gajenih biljaka – aktuelni problemi, inovativni pristupi proučavanju i mogućnosti suzbijanja (1)

In the middle of the last century, mites moved into the focus of attention as pests relevant to agriculture, forestry and landscape horticulture, presumably in direct reaction to the “green revolution” that involved plant cultivation in large-plot monocropping systems, improved methods of cultivation, selection of high-yielding cultivars and intensified use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers. Agroecosystems in which phytophagous mites have become harmful organisms are primarily orchards, vineyards, greenhouses, urban greeneries, plant nurseries and stored plant products, as well as annual field crops to a somewhat lesser degree. Phytophagous mite species belong to a variety of spider mites (Tetranychidae), false spider mites (Tenuipalpidae), gall and rust mites (Eriophyoidae), tarsonemid mites (Tarsonemidae) and acarid mites (Acaridae). Most of these harmful species are widespread, some of them having more economic impact than others and being more detrimental as depending on various specificities of each outdoor agroecosystem in any particular climatic region. The first segment of this overview focuses on the most significant mite pests of agroecosystems and urban horticultural areas in European countries, our own region and in Serbia today, primarily on species that have caused problems in recent years regarding plant production, and it also discusses various molecular methods available for investigating different aspects of the biology of phytophagous mites. Also, acaricides are discussed as a method of controlling mite pests in the light of the current situation and trends on pesticide markets in Serbia and the European Union member-countries.Značaj grinja kao štetočina u poljoprivredi, šumarstvu i pejzažnoj hortikulturi uočen je sredinom prošlog veka i smatra se direktnom posledicom „zelene revolucije“, odnosno gajenja biljaka u monokulturi na velikim površinama, poboljšanih metoda uzgoja, selekcije visokorodnih sorti, intenzivne primene pesticida i mineralnih đubriva. Agroekosistemi u kojima su fitofagne grinje postale štetne su pre svega voćnjaci, vinogradi, zaštićen prostor (staklenici i plastenici), urbano zelenilo, rasadnici i uskladišteni proizvodi, a u nešto manjoj meri i jednogodišnji njivski usevi. Fitofagne grinje sreću se među paučinarima (Tetranychidae), pljosnatim grinjama (Tenuipalpidae), galiformnim i rđastim grinjama (Eriophyoidae), tarzonemidama (Tarsonemidae) i akaridama (Acaridae). Većina štetnih vrsta je široko rasprostranjena, ali neke su ekonomski značajnije od ostalih i ispoljavaju različitu štetnost u zavisnosti od specifičnosti agroekosistema u različitim klimatskim područjima, kada su u pitanju biljne vrste gajene u otvorenom polju. U prvom delu rada obrađene su najznačajnije štetne vrste grinja u agroekosistemima i urbanoj hortikulturi u evropskim zemljama, zemljama u okruženju i u Srbiji danas, pre svega vrste koje su u poslednje vreme postale problem u biljnoj proizvodnji, uz osvrt na primenu molekularnih metoda u proučavanju različitih aspekata biologije fitofagnih grinja. Takođe, ukazano je na mogućnosti suzbijanja štetnih grinja akaricidima, imajući u vidu stanje i perspektive tržišta pesticida u Srbiji i zemljama članicama Evropske unije

Efekti insekticida na jagodinu biljnu vaš, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) na otpornim i osetljivim genotipovima jagode

Strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), is the most important vector of strawberry virus. Breeding of genotypes resistant to this pest is an important preventive control measure, which can be compatible with rational insecticide application. The aim of the paper was to determine effects of dimethoate and deltamethrin on C. fragaefolii populations reared on two strawberry genotypes different in susceptibility: susceptible strawberry cultivar Čačanska rana and medium resistant hybrid, zf/1/94/96 (Senga Fructarina x Del Norte). Lower toxicity of deltamethrin was observed (laboratory assay) as well as lower biological efficacy of dimethoate at lower concentrations (field trial) for specimens from C. fragaefolii population reared on susceptible strawberry cultivar Čačanska rana.Biljna vaš jagode, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), najvažniji je vektor virusa jagode. Gajenje genotipova jagode otpornih na ovu štetnu vrstu je značajna preventivna mera zaštite, koja može da bude kompatibilna sa racionalnom primenom insekticida. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi delovanje dimetoata i deltametrina na populacije C. fragaefolii gajene na dva genotipa jagode različite osetljivosti: osetljiva sorta jagode čačanska rana i srednje otporni hibrid, zf/1/94/96 (Senga Fructarina x Del Norte). Utvrđena je niža toksičnost deltametrina (laboratorijski biotest) i manja biološka efikasnost dimetoata pri nižim koncentracijama (ogled u polju) za jedinke populacije C. fragaefolii gajene na osetljivoj sorti jagode čačanska rana

Wrist Drop: Acute Ischemic Stroke or Radial Nerve Palsy or Both

Stroke has many different symptoms, isolated hand weakness is the rarest one. Even less common are concomitant radial nerve lesions and ischemic stroke that leads to isolated hand weakness. We report a patient with sudden onset of right wrist drop mimicking radial nerve palsy, found to be due to a acute cerebral infarct and radial nerve palsy in the same time. A well-taken history of the patient's illness and thorough clinical examination can differentiate stroke from peripheral neuropathy as the cause of hand weakness. Modern neuroradiological methods such as brain MSCT or MRI can quickly and reliably indicate the etiology of a neurological disease. In every patient who presents with isolated arm weakness, and for whom we are not sure whether it is a lesion of the central or peripheral nervous system, cerebral infarction must be included as a critical differential diagnosis because it can divert attention from sometimes harmful thrombolytic therapy

Swine Dysentery: Practical Observations, Control And Diagnostics

Swine dysentery is a severe mucohemorrhagic enteric disease of pigs which has a large impact on pig production, with important losses caused by mortality and suboptimal performance. The causative agent is Brachyspirahyodysenteriae. The aim of the paper was to evaluate all the available data on B. hyodysenteriae presence on swine farms in Vojvodina region. The material for this research included five swine farms, where certain disorders and health problems in weaned, grower and fattening pigs were detected. Depending on the specificity of each evaluated case and available material, the applied research methods included: anamnestical and clinical evaluation, gross pathological examination, standard bacteriological testing for detection of the presence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the tissue samples derived from diseased and/or died pigs. Besides this, in some cases the molecular diagnostic method (RT-PCR) was included. Swine dysentery is a common and important endemic problem in many swine farms in Vojvodina. On endemically infected swine farms transmission mainly occurs by ingestion of infected faeces. All the observed factors affecting disease persistence and transmission on the farm are thoroughly analysed and discussed. Finally, current prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to fight against disease are described

Efekti bioinsekticida u suzbijanju bele leptiraste vaši (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) na paradajzu

The effects of commercial products of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis; 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%), azadirachtin (NeemAzal T/S; 1% and 2%) and oxymatrin (KingBo; 0.1% and 0.2%) in the control of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) on tomato were tested in plastic covered greenhouse. The effects of the bioinsecticides, applied twice at five-day interval, were compared to effects of abamectin (Abastate EW; 0.075%) and thiamethoxam (Actara 25-WG; 0.05%). Tested bioinsecticides reduced the number of larvae by 82-97% (Naturalis), 90-99% (NeemAzal T/S) and 90-96% (KingBo), with the efficacy of >96% according to Henderson-Tilton, in the assessment 16 days after treatment. In the same assessment, achieved percentages in adults reduction and efficacy amounted 24-89% and 67-95% (Naturalis), 85-93% and 93-97% (NeemAzal T/S), 86-96% and 94-98% (KingBo). Percentages of abundance reduction and efficacy after treatment with Abastate EW were 31% and 88% (larvae) and 64% and 84% (adults), while after treatment with Actara 25-WG they amounted 96% and 99% (larvae) and 83% and 92% (adults). The results obtained show that NeemAzal T/S, Naturalis and KingBo can be an efficient alternative to current insecticides in control of T. vaporariorum populations.Ispitivani su efekti komercijalnih preparata entomopatogene gljive Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis; 0,1%, 0,2% i 0,3%), azadirahtina (NeemAzal T/S; 1% i 2%) i oksimatrina (KingBo; 0,1% i 0,2%) u suzbijanju bele leptiraste vaši (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) na paradajzu u stakleniku. Efekti ovih bioinsekticida, koji su primenjeni dva puta u razmaku od pet dana, upoređeni su sa efektima abamektina (Abastate EW; 0,075%) i tiametoksama (Actara 25-WG; 0,05%). Ispitivani bioinsekticidi redukovali su brojnost larvi za 82-97% (Naturalis), 90-99% (NeemAzal T/S) i 90-96% (KingBo), uz efikasnost po Henderson-Tiltonu >96%, u oceni 16 dana posle tretiranja. U istoj oceni, ostvareni procenti redukcije brojnosti adulta i efikasnosti iznosili su 24-89% i 67-95% (Naturalis), 85-93% i 93-97% (NeemAzal T/S), 86-96% i 94-98% (KingBo). Procenti redukcije brojnosti i efikasnosti nakon tretiranja preparatom Abastate EW bili su 31% i 88% (larve) i 64% i 84% (adulti), dok su nakon tretiranja preparatom Actara 25-WG iznosili 96% i 99% (larve) i 83% i 92% (adulti). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da NeemAzal T/S, Naturalis i KingBo mogu da budu efikasna alternativa aktuelnim insekticidima u suzbijanju populacija T. vaporariorum