La agregación de valor en los productos rurales a través de valores intangibles

Goal. Analyze the concept of value and its influence on the consumption of goods and services in rural territories, in order to facilitate value addition strategies. Methodology. Adding value is raised from a subjective perspective of human behavior and the significance that individuals have about different rural assets. To carry out this delimitation, it is discussed what is the value of the goods and how is it generated? Why added value? What is the value of rural production? Results. The value of goods is subjective and intangible and are considerations that the consumer gives to a good for its qualities, from its production method to the social, cultural and environmental elements involved in its production process. Conclusion. The purpose of adding value to products of rural origin is that intangible values are part of putting the product on the market and that primary producers and territories increase their economic income and their participation in productive and commercial networks through the identification, recognition and learning of the elements of value that comprise it.   URL: https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/2188/version/2843Objetivo. Analizar el concepto de valor y su influencia en el consumo de bienes y servicios de los territorios rurales, a fin de facilitar estrategias de agregación de valor. Metodología. Se plantea la agregación de valor desde una perspectiva subjetiva de la conducta humana y la significación que los individuos tiene acerca de los distintos bienes rurales. Para llevar a cabo esta delimitación se discute ¿qué es el valor de los bienes y cómo se genera?  ¿Por qué agregado de valor? ¿Cuál es el valor de la producción rural? Resultados. El valor de los bienes es subjetivo e intangible y son consideraciones que el consumidor le otorga a un bien por sus cualidades, desde su forma de producción hasta los elementos sociales, culturales y medio ambientales inmersos en su proceso productivo. Conclusión. La agregación de valor a productos de origen rural tiene la finalidad que los valores intangibles sean parte de la puesta del producto en el mercado y que los productores primarios y los territorios incrementen sus ingresos económicos y su participación en las tramas productivas y comerciales a través de la identificación, reconocimiento y aprendizaje de los elementos de valor que lo conforman.   URL: https://revistas.uta.edu.ec/erevista/index.php/bcoyu/article/view/2188/version/284

Fox : a un año de la alternancia

Reflexiones críticas desde diversas disciplinas de las ciencias sociales acerca del primer año de gobierno de Vicente Fox Quesada. Entre los rubros que se analizan están: la política cultural, el sector rural, los jóvenes, los derechos humanos, la cultura indígena y la seguridad pública.ITESO, A.C

Impact of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus casei Strain IMAU60214 on the Immune Function of Macrophages in Malnourished Children

Malnutrition is commonly associated with immunological deregulation, increasing the risk of infectious illness and death. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from well-nourished healthy children, well-nourished infected children and malnourished infected children, which was evaluated by an oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanism assay of luminol-increase chemiluminescence and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10, as well as phagocytosis using zymosan and as its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels), phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity increased in all groups after pre-treatment with heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 at a ratio of 500:1 (bacteria:MDM) over 24 h compared with MDM cells without pre-treatment. The results could indicate that heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 is a potential candidate for regulating the immune function of macrophages

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activities of the Heat-Killed Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on Macrophages In Vitro

Most Lactobacillus species have beneficial immunological (“immunoprobiotic”) effects in the host. However, it is unclear how probiotic bacteria regulate immune responses. The present study investigated the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on the activity of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Human MDMs were treated with heat-killed L. casei at a ratio (bacteria/MDM) of 50:1, 100:1, 250:1, and 500:1, and then evaluated for the following: NO production, by Griess reaction; phagocytosis of FITC-labeled Staphylococcus aureus particles; cytokine secretion profile (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β) by ELISA; and costimulatory molecule (CD80 and CD86) surface expression, by flow cytometry. Heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 enhanced phagocytosis, NO production, cytokine release, and surface expression of CD80 and CD86 in a dose-dependent manner. All products were previously suppressed by pretreatment with a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-neutralizing antibody. Overall, our findings suggest that this probiotic strain promotes an M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype through the TLR2 signaling pathway. These effects on macrophage phenotype help explain the probiotic efficacy of Lactobacillus and provide important information for the selection of therapeutic targets and treatments compatible with the immunological characteristics of this probiotic strain

Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity

Lead (Pb) is considered a strong environmental toxin with human health repercussions. Due to its widespread use and the number of people potentially exposed to different sources of this heavy metal, Pb intoxication is recognized as a public health problem in many countries. Exposure to Pb can occur through ingestion, inhalation, dermal, and transplacental routes. The magnitude of its effects depends on several toxicity conditions: lead speciation, doses, time, and age of exposure, among others. It has been demonstrated that Pb exposure induces stronger effects during early life. The central nervous system is especially vulnerable to Pb toxicity; Pb exposure is linked to cognitive impairment, executive function alterations, abnormal social behavior, and fine motor control perturbations. This review aims to provide a general view of the cognitive consequences associated with Pb exposure during early life as well as during adulthood. Additionally, it describes the neurotoxic mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment induced by Pb, which include neurochemical, molecular, and morphological changes that jointly could have a synergic effect on the cognitive performance

Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity

Lead (Pb) is considered a strong environmental toxin with human health repercussions. Due to its widespread use and the number of people potentially exposed to different sources of this heavy metal, Pb intoxication is recognized as a public health problem in many countries. Exposure to Pb can occur through ingestion, inhalation, dermal, and transplacental routes. The magnitude of its effects depends on several toxicity conditions: lead speciation, doses, time, and age of exposure, among others. It has been demonstrated that Pb exposure induces stronger effects during early life. The central nervous system is especially vulnerable to Pb toxicity; Pb exposure is linked to cognitive impairment, executive function alterations, abnormal social behavior, and fine motor control perturbations. This review aims to provide a general view of the cognitive consequences associated with Pb exposure during early life as well as during adulthood. Additionally, it describes the neurotoxic mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment induced by Pb, which include neurochemical, molecular, and morphological changes that jointly could have a synergic effect on the cognitive performance

Enhanced Antigiardial Effect of Omeprazole Analog Benzimidazole Compounds

Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease that is highly prevalent in developing countries. Several drugs are available for the treatment of this parasitosis; however, failures in drug therapy are common, and have adverse effects and increased resistance of the parasite to the drug, generating the need to find new alternative treatments. In this study, we synthesized a series of 2-mercaptobenzimidazoles that are derivatives of omeprazole, and the chemical structures were confirmed through mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. The in vitro efficacy compounds against Giardia, as well as its effect on the inhibition of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) recombinant, were investigated, the inactivation assays were performed with 0.2 mg/mL of the enzyme incubating for 2 h at 37 °C in TE buffer, pH 7.4 with increasing concentrations of the compounds. Among the target compounds, H-BZM2, O2N-BZM7, and O2N-BZM9 had greater antigiardial activity (IC50: 36, 14, and 17 µM on trophozoites), and inhibited the TPI enzyme (K2: 2.3, 3.2, and 2.8 M−1 s−1) respectively, loading alterations on the secondary structure, global stability, and tertiary structure of the TPI protein. Finally, we demonstrated that it had low toxicity on Caco-2 and HT29 cells. This finding makes it an attractive potential starting point for new antigiardial drugs

1968, un año de transgresión y represión que no se olvida. Diálogos del Pensamiento 267

¿Qué fue ser joven en el año de 1968? ¿Cómo era concebido el joven desde el Estado? ¿Cuáles eran los valores y discurso contraculturales presentes en los movimientos estudiantiles de 1968? ¿Qué tanto han cambiado las condiciones mexicanas tanto de movilización como de represión, desde finales de la década de los sesenta a la actualidad? En emisión especial para conmemorar y reflexionar sobre el convulso año de 1968, nos acompañan Rogelio Marcial, cuyas investigaciones se centran en las Culturas juveniles; y Jaime Tamayo, especialista en Estado, sistema político y movimientos sociales. Con su ayuda realizamos un breve recorrido tanto por algunas de las movilizaciones que aquel año se desarrollaron en diferentes partes del mundo, como por las represiones que siguieron en respuesta, con la finalidad de ahondar acerca de las similitudes y las diferencias presentes en las mismas. El 2 de octubre de 1968 es una fecha con particular carga simbólica en el México contemporáneo, recuerdo que se suma a los continuos agravios y muestras de fuerza bruta que el Estado continúa ejerciendo en contra de la población civil, con particular fuerza sobre los jóvenes. En la conmemoración de un aniversario más de tan sangriento suceso, sin duda es muy importante continuar reflexionando a propósito tanto de las condiciones nacionales e internacionales en las que se dio este suceso, como sobre sus significaciones actuales

Biochemical Analysis of Two Single Mutants that Give Rise to a Polymorphic G6PD A-Double Mutant

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a key regulatory enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of cellular energy and redox balance. Mutations in the gene encoding G6PD cause the most common enzymopathy that drives hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. To gain insights into the effects of mutations in G6PD enzyme efficiency, we have investigated the biochemical, kinetic, and structural changes of three clinical G6PD variants, the single mutations G6PD A+ (Asn126AspD) and G6PD Nefza (Leu323Pro), and the double mutant G6PD A− (Asn126Asp + Leu323Pro). The mutants showed lower residual activity (≤50% of WT G6PD) and displayed important kinetic changes. Although all Class III mutants were located in different regions of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and were not close to the active site, these mutants had a deleterious effect over catalytic activity and structural stability. The results indicated that the G6PD Nefza mutation was mainly responsible for the functional and structural alterations observed in the double mutant G6PD A−. Moreover, our study suggests that the G6PD Nefza and G6PD A− mutations affect enzyme functions in a similar fashion to those reported for Class I mutations