Attributions and Appraisals of Workplace Incivility: Finding Light on the Dark Side?

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144621/1/apps12127.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144621/2/apps12127_am.pd

Permanent Light Microscopy Slides of \u3ci\u3eEimeria nieschulzi\u3c/i\u3e Oocysts

The methods described here allow for the preparation of light microscopy slides of coccidian oocysts and thus, provide a durable sample and record for research and teaching. These methods used only one species, Eimeria nieschulzi; however, it is likely that use of other coccidian oocysts would produce similar results

On the Status of \u3ci\u3eEimeria nieschulzi\u3c/i\u3e Oocysts Embedded in Resin Eleven Years Ago: A Permanent Method for Preserving Coccidian Oocysts

Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi that were fixed and mounted on glass slides in polymerized resin in 1976 are examined. Size, shape, and integrity of oocysts and sporocysts are compared to similar observations we made in 1977 and reported in 1978 (Journal of Parasitology 64: 163-164). Our conclusion is that the methods we reported on in 1978 provide one opportunity to produce permanent specimens of sporulated oocysts that could be made available for deposit in nationally accredited museums

What Were They Thinking? A Meaning-Making Model of Workplace Incivility from the Target's Perspective.

I introduce the Meaning-Making Model of Incivility (MMI), which applies fundamental social, organizational, and cognitive psychological theories to illuminate the process through which incivility – a low-level form of interpersonal mistreatment with ambiguous intent to harm – is able to undermine employees. Studies demonstrating workplace incivility’s negative implications for employee well-being are replete, but it is not clear how a low-intensity form of deviance can significantly harm employees. I propose that concepts from the stress and coping literature, particularly cognitive appraisal, explain how these low-intensity social interactions affect targets’ well-being. Using two surveys of working adults, I demonstrate that targets form harm and even challenge (i.e., learning opportunity) appraisals of their uncivil experiences. Targets’ perceptions of their perpetrators’ goals (rooted in attribution theory) predict cognitive appraisal, making them integral to this meaning-making process. In Study 1, data from a sample of women (n = 419) employed across diverse occupations confirms my hypothesis that the more incivility targets appraise their experiences as harmful, the worse their occupational outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction). Further, targets form more severe harm appraisals when they believe their perpetrators wielded intent and control in behaving uncivilly. Study 2, consisting of a U.S. sample of men and women (n = 479) across occupations, confirms the findings from Study 1 and expands them by examining whether targets ever form challenge (i.e., learning, growth) appraisals of uncivil encounters. Consistent with the posttraumatic growth literature, Study 2 results support my hypothesis that they do. Incivility targets who adopt challenge appraisals experience improvements in their organizational outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, thriving at work). Further, targets are more likely to appraise incivility as challenging when they perceive their perpetrators’ behavior as unintentional. I supplement this empirical work with a theoretically-oriented discussion of additional constructs that may play significant roles in the model: target individual differences, macro-level outcomes, and regional and organizational contexts. My theoretical propositions and empirical findings advance our understanding of workplace incivility’s impact by incorporating fundamental psychosocial theories to illuminate targets’ meaning-making of this insidious form of mistreatment.PHDPsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93825/1/lmarchi_1.pd

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Oocyst Wall of \u3ci\u3eIsospora lacazei\u3c/i\u3e

The oocyst wall of Isospora lacazei from sparrows was studied with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. In TEM, t he oocyst wall consisted of four distinct layers (Ll-4). The innermost layer, Ll, was moderately electron-lucent and 240-285 nm thick; L2 was electronJense and 210-240 nm thick; L3 was moderately electron-lucent and 15-150 nm thick; L4, the outer most layer, was discontinuous and consisted of electron-dense discoid bodies which measured 180-220 nm x 320-840 nm. The discoid bodies of L4 as seen by TEM appeared spheroid in shape when observed by SEM. One or two membranes were situated on or between various layers of the oocyst wall. One such membrane occurred on the inner margin of Ll, two closely applied membranes were interposed between LI and L2, one membrane occurred between L2 and L3, and one membrane on the outer margin of L3