1,220 research outputs found
Asymmetry in shape causing absolute negative mobility
We propose a simple classical concept of nanodevices working in an absolute
negative mobility (ANM) regime: The minimal spatial asymmetry required for ANM
to occur is embedded in the geometry of the transported particle, rather than
in the channel design. This allows for a tremendous simplification of device
engineering, thus paving the way towards practical implementations of ANM.
Operating conditions and performance of our model device are investigated, both
numerically and analytically.Comment: 6 pages; accepted for publication in PR
Long-lived states of oscillator chain with dynamical traps
A simple model of oscillator chain with dynamical traps and additive white
noise is considered. Its dynamics was studied numerically. As demonstrated,
when the trap effect is pronounced nonequilibrium phase transitions of a new
type arise. Locally they manifest themselves via distortion of the particle
arrangement symmetry. Depending on the system parameters the particle
arrangement is characterized by the corresponding distributions taking either a
bimodal form, or twoscale one, or unimodal onescale form which, however,
deviates substantially from the Gaussian distribution. The individual particle
velocities exhibit also a number of anomalies, in particular, their
distribution can be extremely wide or take a quasi-cusp form. A large number of
different cooperative structures and superstructures made of these formations
are found in the visualized time patterns. Their evolution is, in some sense,
independent of the individual particle dynamics, enabling us to regard them as
dynamical phases.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figurs, TeX style of European Physical Journa
Deterministic ratchets: route to diffusive transport
The rectification efficiency of an underdamped ratchet operated in the
adiabatic regime increases according to a scaling current-amplitude curve as
the damping constant approaches a critical threshold; below threshold the
rectified signal becomes extremely irregular and eventually its time average
drops to zero. Periodic (locked) and diffusive (fully chaotic) trajectories
coexist on fine tuning the amplitude of the input signal. The transition from
regular to chaotic transport in noiseless ratchets is studied numerically.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Quantum and Thermal Depinning of a String from a Linear Defect
The problem of a massive elastic string depinning from a linear defect under
the action of a small driving force is considered. To exponential accuracy the
decay rate is calculated with the help of the instanton method; then,
fluctuations of the quasiclassical solution are taken into account to determine
the preexponential factor. The decay rate exhibits a kind of first order
transition from quantum tunneling to thermal activation with vanishing
crossover region. The model may be applied to describe nucleation in
2-dimensional first order quantum phase transitions.Comment: Revtex. 11 pages + 4 PS figures. Accepted for publication in PR
Evaluation of fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion using power Doppler Ultrasound Angiography (3D-PDA) in growth-restricted fetuses
Objective: to explore the potential of 3D Power Doppler Angiography (3D PDA) to evaluate the cerebral circulation in normal and growth restricted fetuses (IUGR). Study design: in a pilot study, we enrolled 51 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies and 17 singleton pregnancies presenting IUGR, all between 22 and 38 weeks of gestation. Using 3D power Doppler ultrasound, a volume acquisition of the fetal brain was performed. Two regions of interest (ROI) were defined within the fetal brain. Zone 1 is anterior to the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). Zone 2 is defined by a rectangle obtained tracing a contour between the temporal bones as wide as the CSP, corresponding to the area of the middle cerebral artery. The Flow Index (FI), the Vascularization Index (VI), the Vascularization and Flow Index (VFI) were determined in both areas in both IUGR and AGA fetuses by a single operator. IUGR fetuses were divided into three groups: Group 1, with normal pulsatility index (PI) of umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and ductus venosus (DV); Group 2, IUGR fetuses with abnormal UA PI, normal MCA PI, normal DV PI; in Group 3, IUGR fetuses with abnormal UA PI, MCA PI and DV PI. Results: FI and VFI values of zone 1 were increased in Group 1.Values of VFI in zone 2 were increased in Group 2. Conclusions: Our findings are in line with recent studies in growth-restricted fetuses suggesting that the anterior cerebral artery shows Doppler signs of vasodilatation before these are observed in the MCA, demonstrating the “frontal brain sparing effect”
Superconducting Fluxon Pumps and Lenses
We study stochastic transport of fluxons in superconductors by alternating
current (AC) rectification. Our simulated system provides a fluxon pump,
"lens", or fluxon "rectifier" because the applied electrical AC is transformed
into a net DC motion of fluxons. Thermal fluctuations and the asymmetry of the
ratchet channel walls induce this "diode" effect, which can have important
applications in devices, like SQUID magnetometers, and for fluxon optics,
including convex and concave fluxon lenses. Certain features are unique to this
novel two-dimensional (2D) geometric pump, and different from the previously
studied 1D ratchets.Comment: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, in press (1999); 4 pages, 5 .gif figures;
figures also available at http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~nori/ratche
Stokes' Drift of linear Defects
A linear defect, viz. an elastic string, diffusing on a planar substrate
traversed by a travelling wave experiences a drag known as Stokes' drift. In
the limit of an infinitely long string, such a mechanism is shown to be
characterized by a sharp threshold that depends on the wave parameters, the
string damping constant and the substrate temperature. Moreover, the onset of
the Stokes' drift is signaled by an excess diffusion of the string center of
mass, while the dispersion of the drifting string around its center of mass may
grow anomalous.Comment: 14 pages, no figures, to be published in Phys.Rev.
Building a Prediction Model for Vacuum-Assisted Operative Vaginal Delivery Risk
Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors
for operative vaginal delivery and to propose a new nomogram
for predicting the risk. Methods: We retrospectively
analyzed the data of 1,955 pregnancies that occurred in
our clinic between the years 2007 and 2008. Included were
singleton pregnancies with labor diagnosis after the 36th
gestational week in which spontaneous or operative vaginal
deliveries occurred. In this study, the operative delivery was
carried out exclusively by vacuum extraction. Results: After
univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression stepwise
model selection, maternal age, nulliparity, medically assisted
procreation, gestational age at birth, male fetus, epidural
analgesia and medical induction of labor were found
to be the most predictive variables for operative vaginal delivery.
Considering these factors we propose a new nomogram
for an objectified determination of the risk of operative
vaginal delivery. Conclusions: The new nomogram we propose
could be an important tool for an objectified determination
of the risk of operative vaginal delivery by vacuum
extraction in individualized patient counseling
Resonant enhancement of the jump rate in a double-well potential
We study the overdamped dynamics of a Brownian particle in the double-well
potential under the influence of an external periodic (AC) force with zero
mean. We obtain a dependence of the jump rate on the frequency of the external
force. The dependence shows a maximum at a certain driving frequency. We
explain the phenomenon as a switching between different time scales of the
system: interwell relaxation time (the mean residence time) and the intrawell
relaxation time. Dependence of the resonant peak on the system parameters,
namely the amplitude of the driving force A and the noise strength
(temperature) D has been explored. We observe that the effect is well
pronounced when A/D > 1 and if A/D 1 the enhancement of the jump rate can be of
the order of magnitude with respect to the Kramers rate.Comment: Published in J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 37 (2004) 6043-6051; 6 figure
Brownian transport in corrugated channels with inertia
The transport of suspended Brownian particles dc-driven along corrugated
narrow channels is numerically investigated in the regime of finite damping. We
show that inertial corrections cannot be neglected as long as the width of the
channel bottlenecks is smaller than an appropriate particle diffusion length,
which depends on the the channel corrugation and the drive intensity. Being
such a diffusion length inversely proportional to the damping constant,
transport through sufficiently narrow obstructions turns out to be always
sensitive to the viscosity of the suspension fluid. The inertia corrections to
the transport quantifiers, mobility and diffusivity, markedly differ for
smoothly and sharply corrugated channels.Comment: 9 pages including figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap
with arXiv:1202.436
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