High genetic diversity among and within bitter manioc varieties cultivated in different soil types in Central Amazonia

Although manioc is well adapted to nutrient-poor Oxisols of Amazonia, ethnobotanical observations show that bitter manioc is also frequently cultivated in the highly fertile soils of the floodplains and Amazonian dark earths (ADE) along the middle Madeira River. Because different sets of varieties are grown in each soil type, and there are agronomic similarities between ADE and floodplain varieties, it was hypothesized that varieties grown in ADE and floodplain were more closely related to each other than either is to varieties grown in Oxisols. We tested this hypothesis evaluating the intra-varietal genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among manioc varieties commonly cultivated in Oxisols, ADE and floodplain soils. Genetic results did not agree with ethnobotanical expectation, since the relationships between varieties were variable and most individuals of varieties with the same vernacular name, but grown in ADE and floodplain, were distinct. Although the same vernacular name could not always be associated with genetic similarities, there is still a great amount of variation among the varieties. Many ecological and genetic processes may explain the high genetic diversity and differentiation found for bitter manioc varieties, but all contribute to the maintenance and amplification of genetic diversity within the manioc in Central Amazonia. © 2017, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética

Population genetic structure of Encholirium (bromeliaceae) and implications for conservation.

Encholirium é um gênero de Bromeliaceae de distribuição restrita ao território brasileiro, ocorrendo exclusivamente em afloramentos rochosos nos domínios do Cerrado, Caatinga e Floresta Atlântica, e com centro de diversidade na Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais. Possui 23 espécies, das qua is 12 não estão protegidas por nenhuma Unidade de Conservação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações úteis para a conservação de três espécies deste gênero, endêmicas da porção mineira da Cadeia do Espinhaço, através da análise da estrutura genética de suas populações. O conhecimento da distribuição da variabilidade genética existente em populações naturais de espécies ameaçadas é fundamental para o planejamento de sua conservação. E. pedicellatum e E. biflorum são espécies conhecidas por apenas uma população cada, ambas ocorrendo fora de Unidades de Conservação, e, desta forma, criticamente ameaçadas de extinção. E. subsecundum é mais bem distribuída, apresentando algumas populações protegidas. As três espécies apresentam propagação vegetativa e aparentemente o estabelecimento de plântulas nas populações é um evento raro. Foram amostradas quatro populações de E. subsecundum ao longo de 200 km, além das populações de E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. Toda a amostragem foi estruturada em nível de agrupamentos de plantas dentro de populações, respeitando a distribuição espacial dos indivíduos. Utilizaram-se cinco primers RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) para gerar aproximadamente 60 bandas polimórficas para cada espécie. A técnica permitiu observar que cada indivíduo amostrado apresenta um genótipo diferente (com exceção de um clone encontrado para E. biflorum), evidenciando uma variabilidade anteriormente subestimada pelo hábito clonal das plantas, pela sua morfologia uniforme e pelo tamanho reduzido das populações. A porcentagem de bandas polimórficas, bem como o Índice de Diversidade de Shannon- Wiener, indicam que a espécie E. subsecundum, de distribuição mais ampla, apresenta maior diversidade genética molecular, seguida de E. biflorum. Através da Análise de Variância Molecular, AMOVA, observou-se que o padrão de distribuição da variabilidade genética molecular varia de espécie para espécie. Forte estruturação genética em nível de agrupamentos de plantas foi detectada para E. biflorum e E. pedicellatum. E. biflorum apresenta 16,06% da variância genética molecular entre agrupamentos (Fst= 0,16), que distam em média 11,6 m entre si, enquanto E. pedicellatum apresenta 8,44% da variância entre agrupamentos distando em média 88 m entre si (Fst = 0,08). Já a espécie E. subsecundum apresenta 14,52% da variância entre populações distantes em média 116,6 km umas das outras (Fst = 0,15). Nas três espécies, as diferenças genéticas moleculares existentes entre os indivíduos do mesmo agrupamento são responsáveis pela maior parte da variabilidade genética molecular total (maior do que 80% da variabilidade nos três casos). Tais resultados têm implicação direta para a conservação, sendo especialmente úteis para a otimização de coletas para a formação de bancos de germoplasma ex situ.Encholirium is a Brazilian genus of Bromeliaceae which occurs exclusively in rocky landscapes in areas of Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Its diversity center is located at Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Of the 23 species of Encholirium, 12 are not protected by any Conservation Unit, occurring only in non-protected territories. The aim of this work was to generate baseline information to the conservation of three Encholirium species, endemic to the rocky mountains of "Cadeia do Espinhaço" in Minas Gerais state, through its populations genetic analyses. Information on genetic diversity and its distribution has a great potential in devising conservation strategies. E. pedicellatum and E. biflorum are known by only one population, both occurring in non-protected territories, being critically endangered. E. subsecundum is more widespread, and some of its populations are protected by Conservation Units. These three species reproduces clonally and seedling recruitment is apparently a rare event in natural populations. Samples of E. subsecundum were collected in four populations along 200 km. E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum were collected in the only known populations. The sampling process was made carefully in order to respect the natural distribution of individuals in "patches" or "colonies" within populations. Five Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers generated approximately 60 polymorphic bands for each species. This technique demonstrated that there is a single genotype for every individual sampled (except for one clone found in E. biflorum). High levels of genetic variability were not expected, due to the clonal growth, homogeneous morphology of the plants, and small populations size. The percentage of polymorphic bands and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that E. subsecundum has higher levels of genetic diversity, followed by E. biflorum. The results of an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that the populations of E. biflorum and E. pedicellatum are strongly struturated at the patches level. In E. biflorum, 16.06% (Fst= 0.16) of the total genetic diversity resided among the patches of the population, which are, on the average, 11.6 m separated, whereas in E. pedicellatum 8.44% (Fst = 0.08) of the total genetic diversity was attributable to the differences among patches, which are, on the average, 88 m apart. In E. subsecundum, 14.52% (Fst = 0.15) of the total genetic diversity resided among populations, which are, on the average, 116.6 km separated. The results are valuable to the development of conservation strategies, in particular to guide future samplings to compose germoplasm banks

Variabilidade genética e química entre e dentro de populações de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae) no estado de São Paulo

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir ferramentas e informações úteis para a conservação e exploração racional de Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), uma espécie que produz diterpenos clerodânicos de grande importância farmacológica (casearinas), e que é explorada por extrativismo. Tal objetivo foi alcançado através do desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites específicos para C. sylvestris e de um estudo da diversidade genética e química existente entre e dentro de populações do Estado de São Paulo. Tradicionalmente são reconhecidas duas variedades em C. sylvestris (var. sylvestris e var. lingua), o que é motivo de debate devido à existência de formas intermediárias. Este trabalho objetivou, adicionalmente, contribuir com argumentos genéticos para esta discussão. Foi construída uma biblioteca enriquecida em microssatélites, a partir da qual obtiveram-se e validaram-se dez pares de iniciadores (primers) microssatélites específicos para C. sylvestris. Estes pares de iniciadores foram utilizados para o estudo da estrutura genética de populações de C. sylvestris através da amostragem de 376 indivíduos em nove populações distribuídas em quatro ecossistemas (Floresta Ombrófila Densa, Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Cerrado e ecótonos). As duas variedades foram amostradas de acordo com sua distribuição nestes ecossistemas. A genotipagem dos indivíduos para os locos amostrados foi realizada através de eletroforese em gel de acrilamida lido a 700 e 800 nm por um seqüenciador IR2-DNA Analyser (LI-COR). Os dados foram analisados através de abordagens frequentistas, bayesianas e baseadas na teoria de coalescência, utilizando-se diversos programas computacionais. Para o estudo da diversidade química, as mesmas populações foram amostradas, selecionando-se 12 indivíduos por população, totalizando 108 indivíduos. Adicionalmente, foram...This work aimed obtaining tools and information for the conservation and rational exploitation of Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), a tree species which produces casearins, pharmacologically important clerodane diterpenes. This goal was achieved through the development of a set of polymorphic microsatellite markers, and through the study of chemical and genetic diversity in populations of C. sylvestris from São Paulo State. Also, we aimed contributing for the debate on the existence of two varieties within this species (var. sylvestris e var. lingua). A genomic library was constructed and 10 primer pairs were obtained. Those primers were utilized for a population genetic structure analysis, in which 376 individuals from nine populations distributed on four different ecosystems (Evergreen Atlantic Forest, Semideciduous Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and ecotones) were sampled. The two varieties were sampled according to its distribution among these populations. Genotyping was performed at 700 and 800 nm by electrophoresis on an IR2-DNA Analyser (LI-COR). The data were analyzed through frequentist, Bayesian and coalescence-based approaches, through the use of several softwares. Chemical diversity was studied by sampling in the same populations (12 individuals per population, i.e. 108 individuals). Also, cuttings of these individuals were prepared, aiming to verify its’ chemical compounds after a year of green-house cultivation. Cuttings’ rooting was problematic and a methodology was developed. Only 46 cuttings survived. Casearins from these 154 individuals (108 + 46) were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. Genetic analysis results suggests a partial genome duplication, as more than two alleles for the same locus were observed in 8% of var. sylvestris individuals and in 70% of var. lingua individuals. Additional studies are necessary to verify the hypothesis of partial genome duplication... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

What is the name of the babassu? A note on the confusing use of scientific names for this important palm tree

Abstract Various scientific names are usually found for the babassu in current literature: mainly Orbignya phalerata and Attalea speciosa, but also O. speciosa and O. martiana, among others. This multiplicity of names leads to great confusion in the scientific community causing mistakes to be successively propagated. This note aims to clarify the problem, reviewing the species nomenclature history since the first description by Martius, in 1826, and reporting the successive name changes which occurred. Consequences of the lumping of four closely related genera, of recent phylogenetic studies and of the last changes in palm classification on the species nomenclature are also briefly discussed. In addition, searching results on scientific names at the main Plant Name Indexes are presented here. As a conclusion, we recommend the adoption of Attalea speciosa Mart ex. Spreng as the most suitable name for the babassu and highlight that a broad taxonomic review of the Attalea group is necessary

What is the name of the babassu? A note on the confusing use of scientific names for this important palm tree

Abstract Various scientific names are usually found for the babassu in current literature: mainly Orbignya phalerata and Attalea speciosa, but also O. speciosa and O. martiana, among others. This multiplicity of names leads to great confusion in the scientific community causing mistakes to be successively propagated. This note aims to clarify the problem, reviewing the species nomenclature history since the first description by Martius, in 1826, and reporting the successive name changes which occurred. Consequences of the lumping of four closely related genera, of recent phylogenetic studies and of the last changes in palm classification on the species nomenclature are also briefly discussed. In addition, searching results on scientific names at the main Plant Name Indexes are presented here. As a conclusion, we recommend the adoption of Attalea speciosa Mart ex. Spreng as the most suitable name for the babassu and highlight that a broad taxonomic review of the Attalea group is necessary

A new set of microsatellite markers for the genetic characterization of Ceratocystis fimbriata, an economically important plant pathogen

Ceratocystis fimbriata is a fungal pathogen which attacks several economically important plants, but occurs in host-associated, morphologically indistinguishable forms. In Brazil, this fungus seriously attacks mango trees (Mangifera indica), causing severe loss of yield. This work aimed to develop and characterize a novel set of microsatellite markers for this important pathogen, providing researchers with new molecular tools for the characterization of isolates. Twenty polymorphic primer pairs were designed from a microsatellite-enriched library. We tested the usefulness of these markers through genotyping thirteen isolates of the fungus. On average, 6.65 alleles per locus were detected, revealing the ability of this set of markers to characterize C. fimbriata isolates associated to mango and to other plant species.FAPESP foundation, Brazil[Proc. FAPESP 2008/02335-1