Analysis of a Sorter Cascade Applied to Control a Wheelchair

The precise eye state detection is a fundamental stage for various activities that require human-machine interaction (HMI). This chapter presents an analysis of the implementation of a system for navigating a wheelchair with automation (CRA), based on facial expressions, especially eyes closed using a Haar cascade classifier (HCC). Aimed at people with locomotor disability of the upper and lower limbs, the state detection was based on two steps: the capture of the image, which concentrates on the detection actions and image optimization; actions of the chair, which interprets the data capture and sends the action to the chair. The results showed that the model has excellent accuracy in identification with robust performance in recognizing eyes closed, bypassing well occlusion issues and lighting with about 98% accuracy. The application of the model in the simulations opens the implementation and marriage opportunity with the chair sensor universe aiming a safe and efficient navigation to the user

A osteoporose e sua relação com a perda óssea alveolar em pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal

The aim of this review was to evaluate the plausibility of a possible relation between osteoporosis and clinical attachment lossin patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition, resultant of a modified replyof the host, and one of its extra-intestinal manifestations is the osteoporosis, which is a systemic disease that presents a loss ofbone mass density, deterioration of the skeletal structure, resulting in a fragility fracture. The periodontal disease results froman abnormal immune response and it characterizes for loss of bone structure. Patients with IBD present greater clinicalattachment loss, which includes alveolar bone loss, than otherwise healthy individuals. In the treatment of IBD, mainly in itsactivity phase of inflammation, corticosteroids are used as a therapy, which is a medicine that accelerates the process of boneloss, contributing for osteoporosis.Thereafter, we can conclude that it is plausible to believe that clinical attachment loss can be related with osteoporosis in IBDpatients, and the treatment with corticosteroids might contribute with the bone deterioration.O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar, na literatura, a plausibilidade de uma possível relação entre a osteoporose e a perdaóssea alveolar em pacientes com doença intestinal inflamatória (DII). A DII é uma condição inflamatória crônica, resultantede uma resposta alterada do hospedeiro, e tem como uma de suas manifestações extraintestinais a osteoporose. Essa éuma alteração sistêmica, na qual se observa uma perda de densidade de massa óssea, deterioração da estrutura esqueletal,o que leva à fragilidade e à fratura. Do mesmo modo, a doença periodontal necessita de uma resposta anormal do mecanismode defesa do indivíduo para se desenvolver e se caracteriza por perda de estrutura óssea. Pacientes com DII apresentammaior perda de inserção periodontal, se comparados com indivíduos saudáveis. No tratamento da DII, principalmente emsua fase de atividade de inflamação, é muito usado o corticosteroide, um medicamento que acelera o processo dereabsorção óssea, contribuindo para a osteoporose. Sendo assim, podemos concluir que é plausível que a perda ósseaalveolar esteja relacionada com a osteoporose em pacientes com DII, e o tratamento com corticosteroide pode contribuirpara esse processo de deterioração

A systematic review on neutrophils interactions with titanium and zirconia surfaces: Evidence from in vitro studies

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to assess in vitro studies that evaluated neutrophil interactions with different roughness levels in titanium and zirconia implant surfaces. Material and Methods: An electronic search for literature was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science and a total of 14 studies were included. Neutrophil responses were assessed based on adhesion, cell number, surface coverage, cell structure, cytokine secretion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutrophil activation, receptor expression, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release. The method of assessing the risk of bias was done using the toxicological data reliability assessment tool (TOXRTOOL). Results: Ten studies have identified a significant increase in neutrophil functions, such as surface coverage, cell adhesion, ROS production, and NETs released when interacting with rough titanium surfaces. Moreover, neutrophil interaction with rough–hydrophilic surfaces seems to produce less proinflammatory cytokines and ROS when compared to naive smooth and rough titanium surfaces. Regarding membrane receptor expression, two studies have reported that the FcγIII receptor (CD16) is responsible for initial neutrophil adhesion to hydrophilic titanium surfaces. Only one study compared neutrophil interaction with titanium alloy and zirconia toughened alumina surfaces and reported no significant differences in neutrophil cell count, activation, receptor expression, and death. Conclusions: There are not enough studies to conclude neutrophil interactions with titanium and zirconia surfaces. However, different topographic modifications such as roughness and hydrophilicity might influence neutrophil interactions with titanium implant surfaces

Quantidade elevada do fator de crescimento transformante beta em sítios com destruição tecidual, em pacientes com periodontite crônica

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of TGF- β in tissue destruction sites in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (PP) and to compare with gingival inflammation sites, without tissue destruction in the same patients (GP) and in patients with only gingivititis (GG). The test group consisted of 17 patients with chronic periodontitis,with the average age of 48,2, (DP ± 7,5 years), with chronic periodontitis. The control group was formed by 19 subjects, with the average age of 48 (DP± 9), with chronic inflamed gingiva without signs of periodontal destruction. The analyzed clinical parameters were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Pocket Probing Depth (PPD) and Attachment Level (AL). GCF samples were collected by a method of washing the furrows. The levels of TGF- β have been measured total with specific antibodies and analyzed by ELISA. The results showed that the amounts of TGF- β were significantly higher in PP sites (8,2ng ± DP 9,7) when compared with GP (2,2ng ± DP 4,3) (p < 0,001). There was no significant difference between GP e GG (4,3 ng, DP ± 9,1), and between PP e GG. In conclusion, the higher amounts of TGF- β observed in PP when compared with GP suggested that this cytokine played an important role in the process of tissue destruction in patients with chronic periodontitis.O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os níveis de TGF-β presentes no fluido gengival de sítios com destruição tecidual (PP) de pacientes com periodontite crônica generalizada e compará-los aos níveis de TGF-â de sítios com inflamação gengival, mas sem sinais de perda de inserção desses mesmos pacientes (GP) e de pacientes com gengivite somente (GG). A população era composta de 17 pacientes com periodontite crônica, com média de idade de 48,2 anos (DP± 7,5), e de 19 pacientes-controle, com média de idade de 48anos (DP± 9), sem sinais clínicos de perda de inserção. Os parâmetros clínicos analisados foram: Índice de Placa (IP), Índice Gengival (IG), Profundidade de Bolsa à Sondagem (PBS) e Nível de Inserção Clínica (NI). As amostras de fluido gengival foram coletadas com o método de lavagem intra-sulcular. Os níveis de TGF-β, nas amostras coletadas, foram determinados através da técnica de ELISA. Os resultados mostram que a quantidade de TGF-β, nos sítios PP (8,2 ng ± DP9,7), foi significantemente maior do que em sitos GP (2,2 ng ± DP4,3) (p < 0,001). Não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre GP e GG (4,3ng, DP ± 9,1), e entre PP e GG. Conclui-se que a diferença significante entre os níveis de TGF-β, nos sítios PP, quando comparados aos sítios GP, sugere que essa citoquina possui um papel significante no processo de destruição tecidual em pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica

A importância dos fatores de virulência do A. actinomycetemcomitans no desenvolvimento da doença periodontal agressiva

The periodontal disease is characterized by morphological changes in the supporting structures of the teeth and is caused by an interaction of bacterial subgroups and a susceptible subject. This interaction is necessary because the presence of periodontal pathogens can be frequently detected in healthy subjects. This indicates that not all subjects are equally susceptible and/or that there is a variation in virulence and potential pathogens. It is frequently believed that Gram-negative bacteria are involved in the initiation of inflammatory periodontal disease. One of the major microorganisms implicated in some forms of periodontal disease is Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Though the exact mechanism of the pathogenicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans is not clear, a number of virulence factors have been characterized. These factors include: adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells, lipopolysaccharide, fibroblast-inhibitory factor, leukotoxin and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis inhibitory factor.A doença periodontal é caracterizada por alterações morfológicas nas estruturas de suporte dos dentes e é causada pela interação de subgrupos bacterianos com um indivíduo suscetível. Essa interação é necessária porque a presença de periodontopatógenos pode ser freqüentemente detectada em pacientes saudáveis. Isso indica que nem todos os indivíduos são igualmente suscetíveis e (ou) que há uma variação na virulência e potencial patogênico. Freqüentemente acredita-se que bactérias Gram-negativas estão envolvidas na iniciação da doença periodontal inflamatória. Um dos principais microrganismos implicados em algumas formas de doença periodontal é o Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Embora o mecanismo exato de patogenicidade do A. actinomycetemcomitans não seja claro, vários fatores de virulência têm sido caracterizados. Esses fatores incluem: adesão e invasão de células epiteliais, lipopolissacarídeos, fatores inibitórios para fibroblastos, leucotoxina e fatores inibitórios para quimiotaxia de leucócitos polimorfonucleares

Higher expression of Th1/Th2‐related cytokines in the intestine of Wistar rats with ligature‐induced periodontitis

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) on histopathological and immunological outcomes in the colon of Wistar rats. Background: It has been repeatedly shown that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at higher risk of developing periodontitis and presenting worse oral health than non-IBD patients. However, whether the chronic inflammatory process around teeth contributes to the pathophysiology of IBD needs to be further explored. Materials and Methods: Thirteen Wistar rats were allocated into LIP (n = 7) and controls (n = 6). Half of the colon was processed for histopathological analyses and immunohistochemical (CD45); the other half was homogenized for immunological analyses. Periodontal destruction was confirmed by measuring the distance from the cementum-enamel junction to the mandible's apical position of the mesial interproximal bone. The immunological analyses were performed with the Bio-Plex Th1/Th2 assay. Results: There was a significantly higher interproximal bone loss in LIP compared to controls. The LIP group showed a moderate infiltrate of inflammatory cells, predominantly mononucleated cells in the intestinal tissues. There was significantly higher expression of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, and TNF-α in the intestinal tissues of LIP group compared to controls. Conclusion: Ligature-induced periodontitis was associated with an overexpression of Th1/Th2-related cytokines in the colon of Wistar rats

LA LÚDICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA DEL ATLETISMO EN EDADES TEMPRANAS

El articulo trata el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje totalizador como vía de preparación para la vida de sus practicantes, por lo cual se formuló como objetivo la elaboración de una estrategia didáctica sustentada por un modelo de la dinámica lúdica praxiológica para la apropiación de una cultura en el atletismo. Se valora la pertinencia y factibilidad científica de los resultados investigativos a través de consultas a especialistas y talleres de socialización

Polimorfismo de citoquinas relacionadas ao processo inflamatório periodontal

The aim of this study was to make a review of literature about polymorphism in cytokine associated with the periodontal inflammatory process and how this genetic factor may be associated with development of periodontal destructive disease. Studies about some citokines include: tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α ), interleukin -1 - alpha (IL-1α ), beta (IL- 1β ) ou IL-1 antagonist receptor (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4 ,IL- 6, IL-10, IL-16 e IL-18. This review make possible conclusions that: 1- in some citokines like: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, the results have variation in relationship of polymorphic gene and periodontitis development; 2- some polymorphic genes, as IL-16 e IL-18 do not have relation with periodontitis; 3- there is a relevant emphasis of the relationship with ethnic and racial groups; 4- the genotype for IL-1B is associated with the risk for severe periodontitis on diabetic population, but the results are conflicted when smoking is considered.O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão da literatura a respeito do polimorfismo em citoquinas relacionadas ao processo inflamatório periodontal e de como esse fator genético poderia estar ligado ao desencadeamento da doença destrutiva do periodonto. Foram levados em consideração estudos sobre determinadas citoquinas, como: fator de necrose tumoral- alfa (TNFα), interleucina -1-alfa (IL-1α ), IL-1 beta (IL-1β) ou IL-1 receptor antagonista (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-4 ,IL- 6, IL-10, IL-16 e IL-18. A revisão da literatura possibilitou concluirmos que: (1) em algumas citoquinas, como IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, há variação nos resultados em relação à presença do gene polimórfico e o desenvolvimento da periodontite; (2) alguns genes polimórficos, como os da IL-16 e IL-18, não apresentam relação com a periodontite; (3) existe um enfoque relevante em relação aos grupos étnicos e raciais; (4) o genótipo para IL-1B está associado ao risco para periodontite severa, na população diabética, mas os resultados são contraditórios quando o consumo de cigarros é estudado

The Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation Promotes Changes in Cytokine Expression in the Intestine and Gingival Tissues of Aged Rats with DSS-Induced Colitis

Our research aimed to explore how resolving periodontal inflammation impacts cytokine expression in the colons of aged Wistar rats. Research studies involving animals have been conducted to investigate the two-way relationship between periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where chronic inflammation in either the mouth or intestines can negatively affect the other. We allocated seventeen male Wistar rats aged between 8 and 11 months to one of four groups: (1) ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) without the resolution of periodontal inflammation (RPI) (LIP; n = 4), (2) LIP + RPI (n = 4), (3) LIP + dextran-sulphate-sodium-induced colitis (DIC) without RPI (n = 4), and LIP + DIC + RPI (n = 5). We performed histopathological and immunological analyses on periodontal and intestinal tissues and analysed cytokine expressions using a Rat Cytokine 23-Plex Immunoassay. Our findings showed that animals with and without DIC who underwent RPI showed significantly lower levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-α in the intestine compared to those without treatment. The RPI effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and restored the epithelial barrier in the intestine in animals with DIC. The resolution of periodontal inflammation significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the intestines of aged rats with and without DSS-induced colitis

Estudo in vitro da lisura superficial em resinas compostas, após imersão em café e Coca-Cola®

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the alteration of roughness of aesthetic restoratives materials in the shade A1: Esthet X® (microfill), Herculite® (microhybrid) and Durafil® . Thirty six disk-shaped specimens were manipulated, and polimerized according to the manufacturers instructions to each resin. After curing the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37ºC and stored for one week. The samples were divided in four groups, and underwent three cycles per day for thirty days immersed into artificial saliva, coffee, Coke® and coffee followed by Coke®. The samples were stored into artificial saliva, in bacteriologic stove, in the 37oC (±1oC). All the groups were stored into artificial saliva in the interval of the cycles and the control group was stored into artificial saliva all time. After thirty days, the rougness was measure by perfilometer (MITUTOIO®) and the data was analized with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nean values were compared by the Tukey TSD test. Based on of these data, we can conclude that: The immersion into Coke® and into coffee followed by Coke® decreased the roughness surface in all resins and the immersion into coffee increase the roughness surface in Durafil® and Esthet X®.O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a diferença na rugosidade superficial de três resinas compostas submetidas a ciclos de imersão em três soluções pigmentantes. A amostra foi dividida em 4 grupos, de acordo com o tipo de solução de imersão: no Grupo I, saliva artificial (controle); no Grupo II, café; no Grupo III, Coca-Cola®; e, no Grupo IV, café seguido de Coca-Cola®. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3 subgrupos (N=9) de cada tipo de resina. Os corpos-de-prova foram levados à estufa a 37ºC (±1ºC), mergulhados em saliva artificial e estocados por uma semana. Após esse procedimento, todas as amostras sofreram três ciclos diários de imersão durante um período de 30 dias, após o qual tiveram sua lisura superficial avaliada no rugosímetro (Ra). Após a análise dos resultados pôde-se concluir que as imersões em Coca-Cola® e em Café e Coca-Cola® diminuem significativamente a rugosidade em todos os materiais, e a imersão em Café aumentou a rugosidade na Durafil® e na Esthet X®. A corrosão pode ter sido o processo responsável pelo aumento na sua lisura superficial, conferido aos materiais após a imersão em Coca-Cola®