Effects of N95 mask use on pulmonary function in children

Objective: To assess whether use of an N95 mask by children is associated with episodes of desaturation or respiratory distress. Study design: Twenty-two healthy children were assigned at random to 1 of 2 groups: one group wearing N95 masks without an exhalation valve and the other group wearing N95 masks with an exhalation valve. We tracked changes in partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and respiratory rate over 72 minutes of mask use. All subjects were monitored every 15 minutes, the first 30 minutes while not wearing a mask and the next 30 minutes while wearing a mask. They then performed a 12-minute walking test. Results: The children did not experience a statistically significant change in oxygen saturation or pulse rate during the study. There were significant increases in respiratory rate and PETCO2 in the children wearing an N95 mask without an exhalation valve, whereas these increases were seen in the children wearing a mask with an exhalation valve only after the walking test. Conclusions: The use of an N95 mask could potentially cause breathing difficulties in children if the mask does not have an exhalation valve, particularly during a physical activity. We believe that wearing a surgical mask may be more appropriate for children

Contribuições do campo crítico do lazer para a promoção da saúde Contributions from the critical leisure field to the health promotion

Nos estudos do lazer para a promoção da saúde, ainda predomina a lógica da ocupação ativa do corpo no tempo de não-trabalho (lazer ativo), revelando a influência do pensamento funcionalista, o qual, ao reduzir os vínculos entre sociedade e processo saúde-doença, indiscutivelmente não condiz com o propósito de promover a saúde da população. Em face deste quadro, e partindo da premissa de que na educação física brasileira, desde o início dos anos oitenta, proliferam diferentes concepções que discutem a superação do discurso do lazer funcionalista, mas que tais formulações ainda são praticamente desconhecidas da Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública brasileiras, a partir de revisão bibliográfica sobre o desenvolvimento do campo do lazer no país, buscando reflexões conjunta aos pressupostos da promoção da saúde, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar concepções críticas e alternativas do lazer em sua relação com a saúde, fundamentando-se numa proposta político-pedagógica denominada lazerania. Em linhas gerais, esta é uma concepção de lazer emancipatório que, partindo da problematização do fenômeno esportivo, proporciona o sentir, pensar e agir da população, visando à construção de uma sociedade fundada na solidariedade e com a participação de todos.<br>The studies about leisure for health promotion still tend to choose the active body occupation in the free-time (leisure activities), revealing the influence of the functionalist way of thinking, which trying to reduce the links between society and health-disease process, undoubtedly do not keep with the purpose of population health promotion. Focusing on this idea, and keeping in mind the premise that in the Brazilian physical training there are different opinions since the earliest 80s which try to achieve the purpose to avoid the ideas of the functionalist way of thinking. However, those opinions are almost unknown both in the Brazilian public health system and the collective health system, once the bibliography revision about leisure activities development was made in the country, looking for ideas taken in common knowledge for health promotion presuppositions, this report has the aim to show critical and alternatives concepts of leisure in the way it is linked to healthy as a real social change, using a political-pedagogical proposal called lazerania. In general, this is an emancipatory concept of leisure, which comes from the sport phenomenon as a problem and provides the feeling, thinking and behavior of the population, trying to build a society based on solidarity and consumer participation

Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry

Context. Gravitational waves from black-hole (BH) merging events have revealed a population of extra-galactic BHs residing in short-period binaries with masses that are higher than expected based on most stellar evolution models – and also higher than known stellar-origin black holes in our Galaxy. It has been proposed that those high-mass BHs are the remnants of massive metal-poor stars. Aims. Gaia astrometry is expected to uncover many Galactic wide-binary systems containing dormant BHs, which may not have been detected before. The study of this population will provide new information on the BH-mass distribution in binaries and shed light on their formation mechanisms and progenitors. Methods. As part of the validation efforts in preparation for the fourth Gaia data release (DR4), we analysed the preliminary astrometric binary solutions, obtained by the Gaia Non-Single Star pipeline, to verify their significance and to minimise false-detection rates in high-mass-function orbital solutions. Results. The astrometric binary solution of one source, Gaia BH3, implies the presence of a 32.70 ± 0.82 M⊙ BH in a binary system with a period of 11.6 yr. Gaia radial velocities independently validate the astrometric orbit. Broad-band photometric and spectroscopic data show that the visible component is an old, very metal-poor giant of the Galactic halo, at a distance of 590 pc.Conclusions. The BH in the Gaia BH3 system is more massive than any other Galactic stellar-origin BH known thus far. The low metallicity of the star companion supports the scenario that metal-poor massive stars are progenitors of the high-mass BHs detected by gravitational-wave telescopes. The Galactic orbit of the system and its metallicity indicate that it might belong to the Sequoia halo substructure. Alternatively, and more plausibly, it could belong to the ED-2 stream, which likely originated from a globular cluster that had been disrupted by the Milky Way