Prevalencia de factores asociados a la enfermedad cardiovascular y su relación con el ausentismo laboral de los trabajadores de una entidad oficial

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the first cause of death in the world. This phenomenon is attributed to life styles, such a sedentarism, ingestion of high calorie foods, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. This leads to an increase in the rates of obesity, dyslipidaemia, and hypertension. These then become risk factors that directly affect the prevalence of disease and death of cardiovascular origin, which consequently represents a significant health problem in the working population. Objective: To determine the factors associated with cardiovascular disease and their relationship with work absenteeism in a government office in the City of Bogota, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out using the work records of 214 employees. Sociodemographic, clinical-cardiovascular, and work variables were also recorded. An analysis was performed on the independent variables and the outcome, and a logistic regression model was prepared using work absenteeism as a dependent variable. Results: The prevalences of the sample were: smoking, 13.1%; alcohol consumption, 35.1%; sedentarism, 39.7%; overweight or obese workers, 54.2%; and elevated total cholesterol, 43.9%. Treatment was being received for hypertension in 29.9%, with 4.7% for diabetes, and 21.5% for lipid disorders. Conclusion: The prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease is similar to that found in other studies on the working population. The regression model showed that the variables marital status, obesity, treatment for hypertension, diastolic blood pressure level, and length of service, behaved as predictive variables of work absenteeism. © 2019 Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascula

Alteraciones citogenéticas en trabajadores de campo expuestos habitualmente a pesticidas en granjas de flores de Bogotá

Se determinó la frecuencia de alteraciones citogenéticas (micronúcleos y aberracionescromosómicas), deficiencias en la reparación del ADN y actividad de la acetilcolinesterasacomo biomarcadores de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos entrabajadoras de cultivos de flores en Bogotá. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 31 trabajadorascon riesgo ocupacional de exposición a plaguicidas y 30 sin riesgo; la información se obtuvopor medio de una entrevistaFrequency of cytogenetic alterations (micronuclei and chromosome aberrations), DNA repairdeficiencies and acetylcholinesterase activity was determined for field workers in Bogotá,Colombia. These workers were regularly exposed to organophosphate and carbamateinsecticides while employed on farms for flower growing. Interviews were conducted with 31workers associated with occupational risk of pesticides exposure and 30 without exposure. Astandard cytogenetic assay was used to determine chromosome aberrations and micronucleifrequencie

Evaluación de la exposición a solventes orgánicos en pintores de carros de la ciudad de Bogotá

Introduction: Painters of automobiles are exposed to pure and mixed solvents that have been associated with neurological effects and carcinogenic mutations. Objective: To characterize the health and work conditions of individuals who are occupationally exposed to organic solvents used in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that characterizes the health and work conditions of individuals exposed to organic solvents in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. A group exposed to the solvents was compared to an unexposed group. Air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) were determined, individual questionnaires were administered and phenylmercapturic, hippuric and ortho- and para-methylhippuric acids were measured in urine. The results of the measurements and the questionnaires were correlated to determine the exposure panorama. Results: For the three BTX metabolites, statistically significant differences (p less than 0.001) were found between the population exposed to the solvents and the unexposed population. For the exposed population, positive correlations were found between toluene in air and hippuric acid in urine (rho=0.82) and between xylene in air and o-methylhippuric acid in urine (rho=0.76). Hippuric acid values exceeded permissible levels in 11 workers and p-methylhippuric acid exceeded permissible levels in 8 workers. None of the phenylmercapturic values exceeded the limit.Conclusion: Auto painters are exposed to high levels of organic solvents at the workplace and do not have adequate industrial health and safety conditions to perform their jobs

Evaluación de la exposición al polvo de carbón y de sílice en sitios de minería subterránea en tres departamentos de Colombia

Introduction: Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis is a chronic and irreversible disease representing a public health problem. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors among underground coal miners in the Colombian departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 476 miners to measure the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors such as coal dust and silica levels, as well as the occupational conditions. The medical assessment and a chest x-ray were performed according to the International Labor Organization criteria, along with spirometry and the identification of glutathione S-transferase and repair enzyme polymorphisms.The associations were explored using Cox regression models. Results: We performed a total of 479 environmental monitoring sessions in 31 companies and we evaluated 476 workers with 10 to 57 years of mining work experience. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 33.8% (95% CI: 27.0 - 41.3%). In the Cox multivariate regression model with a constant risk time, pneumoconiosis was significantly associated with working in medium-sized companies (PR=2.00, 95% CI: 0.995 - 2.690; p=0.052), the level of severe exposure to coal dust (PR=2.055, 95% CI: 1.043 - 4.048; p=0.038), and working in underground mining for 25 years or more (for those with 25.0-29.9 years: PR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.449 - 3.338; p=0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was very high and was found to be associated with severe exposure to coal dust, work exposure for 25 years or more and working in medium-sized enterprisesIntroducción. La neumoconiosis de mineros del carbón es una enfermedad crónica e irreversible que se considera un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y sus factores asociados en mineros de carbón de Boyacá, Cundinamarca y Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en 476 mineros. Se les hizo valoración médica, se tomaron radiografías de tórax siguiendo los criterios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como espirometrías, y se identificaron los polimorfismos de la glutatión S-transferasa y de las enzimas de reparación. Las asociaciones entre las condiciones ocupacionales y de la empresa con la neumoconiosis, se estudiaron usando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. En 31 empresas se hicieron 479 monitorizaciones ambientales y se evaluaron 476 trabajadores cuyo tiempo de trabajo fluctuaba entre 10 y 57 años. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue de 33,8 % (IC95% 27,0-41,3). En el modelo de regresión multivariado de Cox, con tiempo de riesgo constante para la neumoconiosis, esta se asoció significativamente con el trabajo en empresas medianas (razón de prevalencias, RP=2,00; IC95% 0,995- 2,690; p=0,052), con un nivel alto de exposición al polvo de carbón según el índice de exposición (RP=2,055; IC95% 1,043-4,048; p=0,038), y una antigüedad de 25 años o más (para 25,0 a 29,9 años: RP=2,199; IC95% 1,449-3,338; p=0,001). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue muy alta y se asoció a la exposición a altos niveles de polvo de carbón, a una exposición laboral mayor o igual a 25 años y al trabajo en empresas medianas

Epidemiological panorama of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides in 17 departments of the country

Los organofosforados y carbamatos son los responsables de la mayor parte de intoxicaciones por plaguicidas que se presentan en el país; son potentes inhibidores de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa, causando graves intoxicaciones agudas de tipo laboral como también efectos a largo plazo. Ante esta problemática, en 1982, el lnstituto Nacional de Salud (INS), a través del Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental creó el Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos (VEO), empleando el método Lovibond para la determinación de la acetilcolinesterasa (ACHE) como indicador, con el fin de detectar precozmente los casos de absorción elevada de plaguicidas. A partir de 1993, se cuenta con información de 17 departamentos del país, datos que se analizaron La totalidad de las personas que participó en el estudio de 1993 a 1995 fueron 41.899, las cuales tenían antecedentes de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados o carbamatos. El 80% de los trabajadores que ingresaron al estudio pertenecían al género masculino, siendo el grupo de edad más afectado el de 18 a 40 años. Las mayores prevalencias de anormalidad para ACHE, según actividad económica, fue para la aplicación urbana y en relación a los oficios, para mezclador-tanqueador-formulador. Con relación a la seguridad social de 23.917 trabajadores, tan sólo 31,7% se encontraba afiliada a entidades de este tipo. Los datos obtenidos permitieron establecer el panorama epidemiológico de la intoxicación por plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa, determinando la población de mayor riesgo, lo que conllevará a plantear nuevos estudios de investigación en esta población.Organophosphates and carbamates are responsible for most of the pesticide poisonings that occur in the country; they are potent inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, causing severe acute occupational poisonings as well as long-term effects. Faced with this problem, in 1982, the National Health Institute (INS), through the Environmental Health Laboratory, created the Epidemiological Surveillance Program for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides (VEO), using the Lovibond method for the determination of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE ) as an indicator, in order to detect early cases of high absorption of pesticides. As of 1993, there is information from 17 departments of the country, data that were analyzed. The total of the people who participated in the study from 1993 to 1995 were 41,899, who had a history of exposure to organophosphate or carbamate pesticides. 80% of the workers who entered the study belonged to the male gender, with the most affected age group being 18 to 40 years old. The highest prevalence of abnormality for ACHE, according to economic activity, was for urban application and in relation to trades, for mixer-tank-formulator. Regarding the social security of 23,917 workers, only 31.7% were affiliated with entities of this type. The data obtained made it possible to establish the epidemiological panorama of cholinesterase inhibitor pesticide poisoning, determining the population most at risk, which will lead to new research studies in this population

Determinantes sociales de la intoxicación por plaguicidas entre cultivadores de arroz en Colombia

Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, ?-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4-DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86%), moderate (67.98%) and severe (5.51%) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides. © 2016, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved

Quantification of cell-free DNA for evaluating genotoxic damage from occupational exposure to car paints

cfDNA concentrations and type of comet in the exposed individuals - grouped by car paint shops - and BTX concentrations in the indoor air. Table S2. Socio-demographic data of the exposed cohort. Table S3. Socio-demographic data of the non-exposed cohort. Table S4. Exposed cohort. cfDNA and total count and types of comet. Table S5. Non-exposed cohort. cfDNA and total count and types of comet. Table S6. Air borne solvents concentrations in workshops. Table S7. Exposed cohort. Comet score data. Table S8. Non-exposed cohort. Comet score data. (DOCX 73 kb

Quantification of cell-free DNA for evaluating genotoxic damage from occupational exposure to car paints

Background: For several years, cell-free DNA has been emerging as an important biomarker for non-invasive diagnostic in a wide range of clinical conditions and diseases. The limited information available on the genotoxic effects associated with occupational exposure to car paints, as well as the fact that up-to-date there are not reports about cell-free DNA measurements for assessing this condition, led us to evaluate the DNA damage caused by the occupational exposure to organic solvents contained in car paints, through the quantification of the cell-free DNA and the comet assay, in a sample of 33 individuals taken from 10 automobile paint shops located in Bogota DC, Colombia. Results: By applying the two methods, cell-free DNA and comet assay, we found a significant increase in the extent of DNA damage in the exposed individuals compared with the non-exposed ones within the control group. Conclusions: Our findings provide useful information about the cell-free DNA levels in this type of exposure and can be considered as a support tool that contributes to the diagnosis of genotoxic damage in individuals occupationally exposed to car paints. © 2016 The Author(s)

Bogotá paint-industry workers' exposure to organic solvents and genotoxic effects

Objetivo Investigar la exposición a solventes orgánicos y los efectos genotóxicos mediante monitoreo citogenético determinando la frecuencia de micronúcleos en linfocitos y el daño del ADN por el ensayo del cometa, en trabajadores de fábricas de pinturas en Bogotá. Metodología Como biomarcadores de exposición a benceno, tolueno y xileno, la excreción de fenol, ácido hipúrico y ácido metilhipúrico fue investigada en muestras de orina provenientes de trabajadores en dos fábricas de pinturas en Bogotá y de un grupo control. También se realizó monitoreo de la concentración de benceno, tolueno y xileno en el ambiente de trabajo. Como biomarcadores de efectos genéticos tempranos, la frecuencia de micronúcleos y rompimiento de cadenas simples de ADN fueron evaluadas en células mononucleares a partir de muestras de sangre periférica. Resultados Las concentraciones de ácido hipúrico en orina post-exposición se encontraron dentro de los rangos normales, mientras que para fenol el 3,3 % y para ácido metilhipúrico el 50,8 % de las muestras presentaron niveles por encima de los valores de referencia. En una de las fábricas la concentración de benceno en aire estaba por encima de los valores límites permisibles. No hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los trabajadores expuestos y los no expuestos con relación a los biomarcadores genéticos examinados. Conclusiones En este estudio los niveles de solventes orgánicos internamente efectivos parecen ser bajos lo cual se explica con la ausencia de efectos genotóxicos en las células examinadas. Este trabajo constituye un aporte para continuar investigando sobre el tema y a la vez hacer seguimiento por medio del programa de vigilancia epidemiológica.Objective Investigating the degree of exposure to organic solvents and related genotoxic consequences in paint-factory workers by using cytogenetic monitoring and determining micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes and DNA damage as assessed by comet assays. Methodology Excretion of phenol and hippuric and methylhippuric acids in urine was investigated as biomarkers for benzene, toluene and xylene exposure. Urine samples were taken in two paint-factories in Bogotá and in a non-exposed control group. Benzene, toluene and xylene concentrations in air were measured in the work setting. Micronuclei and simple DNA chain breakage frequency were evaluated in peripheral blood sample mononuclear cells to assess early genetic effects. Results Hippuric acid concentration was found to be within normal values; by contrast, phenol and methylhippuric acid sample concentrations were above normal values by 3,3 % and 50,8 %, respectively. Benzene concentration in air was above permissible limits in one of the factories. There were no statistical differences regarding genetic biomarkers between exposed and non-exposed workers. Conclusions Organic solvent levels in the samples were apparently low, which is consistent with the absence of genotoxicity in cells. This study represents a step forward in research in occupational health surveillance

Determining social factors related to pesticide poisoning among rice farmers in Colombia

Objetivo Caracterizar la forma en que los agricultores se exponen a los plaguicidas y se presenta la intoxicación. Materiales y Métodos Estudio multi-métodos y multinivel (individuo y comunidad), que incluyó métodos etnográficos, encuesta y medición de plaguicidas en agua y muestras humanas. Resultados Se describió el proceso productivo y se conocieron los principales factores de riesgo. Los plaguicidas son considerados el mayor peligro en el trabajo y en sus viviendas. Los trabajadores tienen precarias condiciones laborales y no están protegidos por el sistema de riesgos laborales. En las muestras de agua se encontraron azinfos-metil, endosulfán, b-BHC, bromofos-metil, bromofos-etil y 2,4-DDT. En la encuesta participaron 381 trabajadores de los cuales 12,9, 68 y 5,5 % tuvieron intoxicaciones leves, moderadas y severas, respectivamente. Los casos severos tenían menores niveles de escolaridad, menor nivel de afiliación al régimen contributivo del sistema de seguridad social y un mayor número tenía enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, herpes u otras infecciones virales. Conclusión Existen precarias condiciones laborales que favorecen la exposición a plaguicidas caracterizadas por la exclusión del sistema de riesgos laborales, pobreza y baja educación. Es urgente la inclusión de estos trabajadores al sistema de riesgos laborales y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. De esa manera se podrán disminuir las prácticas inseguras en el manejo de plaguicidas.Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, beta-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides