Історія становлення міжнародного суду ООН

Досліджується історія розвитку міжнародного правосуддя та діяльності інституту судової системи на міжнародному рівні, особливості становлення Міжнародного Суду ООН та його попередниці Постійної Палати міжнародного правосуддя в рамках Ліги Націй.Исследуется история развития международного правосудия и деятельности института судебной системы на международном уровне, особенности становления Международного Суда ООН и его предшественника Постоянной Палаты международного правосудия в рамках Лиги Наций.In the article author explores the history of international justice and the judicial system of the institute on the international level.Feature of theformation International Court of Justice and its predecessor the Permanent Court of International Justice by the League of Nations

Impact of Chelicorophium curvispinum on the concentrationdischarge response of suspended sediment in the Rhine River

In an ongoing study to the decline in suspended sediment concentrations and loads in the Rhine river since the mid-1950s, the temporal changes in the power-law sediment rating curve parameters were examined. This revealed that the rating exponent of the rating curve increased substantially between the early and late 1980s. Until the early 1980s, the ratings curves were relatively flat with values of the rating exponent b varying around 0.2. In the mid-1980s, the exponent suddenly increased to a value between 0.4 and 0.6 and since then has remained within this range. This change in the rating exponent was mainly caused by a decrease in suspended sediment concentrations during low discharges. During high discharges, the suspended sediment concentration initially increased during the late 1980s, but this increase was nullified soon afterwards due to the declining trend in suspended sediment concentration. The sudden increase of the rating exponent coincided with the period that the Ponto-Caspian Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp) invaded the Rhine river basin. This suggests that this suspension-feeder species bears the prime responsibility for this increase, although this hypothesis requires further independent evidence. The sudden increase in the rating exponent does however not manifest itself in the long-term gradual trend of declining suspended sediment concentrations and vice versa. Apparently, the sequestration of sediment by Chelicorophium curvispinum is only temporary: the suspended sediment sequestered during periods of relatively low discharges is likely remobilised again during periods of high discharge. This implies that the invasion of Chelicorophium curvispinum has not played a significant role in the decline of suspended sediment concentrations. The precise reasons for the gradual long-term decline in suspended sediment concentration remain yet unknown

Impact of Chelicorophium curvispinum on the concentration-discharge response of suspended sediment in the Rhine River

In an ongoing study to the decline in suspended sediment concentrations and loads in the Rhine river since the mid-1950s, the temporal changes in the power-law sediment rating curve parameters were examined. This revealed that the rating exponent of the rating curve increased substantially between the early and late 1980s. Until the early 1980s, the ratings curves were relatively flat with values of the rating exponent b varying around 0.2. In the mid-1980s, the exponent suddenly increased to a value between 0.4 and 0.6 and since then has remained within this range. This change in the rating exponent was mainly caused by a decrease in suspended sediment concentrations during low discharges. During high discharges, the suspended sediment concentration initially increased during the late 1980s, but this increase was nullified soon afterwards due to the declining trend in suspended sediment concentration. The sudden increase of the rating exponent coincided with the period that the Ponto-Caspian Chelicorophium curvispinum (Caspian mud shrimp) invaded the Rhine river basin. This suggests that this suspension-feeder species bears the prime responsibility for this increase, although this hypothesis requires further independent evidence. The sudden increase in the rating exponent does however not manifest itself in the long-term gradual trend of declining suspended sediment concentrations and vice versa. Apparently, the sequestration of sediment by Chelicorophium curvispinum is only temporary: the suspended sediment sequestered during periods of relatively low discharges is likely remobilised again during periods of high discharge. This implies that the invasion of Chelicorophium curvispinum has not played a significant role in the decline of suspended sediment concentrations. The precise reasons for the gradual long-term decline in suspended sediment concentration remain yet unknown

Correction to: Compositional dynamics of suspended sediment in the Rhine River: sources and controls (Journal of Soils and Sediments, (2020), 20, 3, (1754-1770), 10.1007/s11368-019-02490-5)

Table 4 in the originally published article is not correct

Compositional dynamics of suspended sediment in the Rhine River: sources and controls

Purpose: Information on the geochemical composition of suspended sediments in rivers is crucial to identify sediment source type or area. In large river basins, however, the relation between sediment composition and its controlling factors is often obscured. This study aims to assess and improve the conceptual understanding on the factors and mechanisms that control the composition of suspended sediments in the River Rhine, one of the large European rivers, and to identify the dominant source types of elements. Materials and methods: We performed log-linear regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) on bi-weekly monitoring data of suspended sediment composition, supplemented with daily measurements of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and discharge at the Lobith monitoring station near the German-Dutch border for the period 2011–2016. Results and discussion: The statistical analyses show a consistent grouping of elements that display contrasting temporal variation or different responses to increased discharge. The contrasting behaviour also becomes manifest in the results from the PCA. A first component that explains about the half of the total variance in the entire dataset reflects the variation in clay content in the suspended sediment. A second component reflects anthropogenic pollution and explains about a quarter of the total variance. A third component probably reflects variation in sediment provenance. Conclusions: The majority of the temporal variation in suspended sediment composition can be attributed to variations in grain size (clay content), organic matter content, and anthropogenic pollution. Only a minority of the variation can be attributed to variations in the contributions from different upstream source areas. This variation represented by the third and higher components from the PCA can potentially be used for sediment provenance analysis

Measurement of fine sediment infiltration and deposition rates within a gravel bed: a pilot study in the Geul River, the Netherlands

Transient storage of fine sediments in the river bed determines the fine sediment residence time in gravel bed streams at intermediate time scales between days and a few years. We measured the sediment infiltration into the gravel bed at two locations in the Geul River, the Netherlands (mean discharge = 2 m3 s-1) using two methods: 1) a gravimetric method and 2) a metal concentration-based method. Both methods involved the placement of sediment traps, consisting of cylindrical mesh cages with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 10 cm, in the gravel bed. In the first method, the cage was filled with clean gravel greater than 12.5 mm (the size of the mesh openings) collected from the local river bed (D50 ? 19 mm). In the second method, the sediment traps were filled with clean gravel and about 700 grams of fine sand. During the sampling period, this 'clean' sand was contaminated by deposition of metal-contaminated fine sediment from the Geul River. After four to eight days, the sediment traps were removed. A bag around the cage, which had been lowered during sampling, prevented the fine sediment to wash out from the sediment traps during removal. The fine sediment was washed from the sediment traps and subsequently dried and weighed. For the second method, the zinc concentrations of the fine sand and the fine sediment collected from the sediment traps were measured using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton® handheld XRF analyser. The sediment infiltration or deposition rates were then calculated from the differences between the zinc concentrations in the sediment samples and the 'clean' sand. The fine sediment deposition rates measured using the concentration-based method (0.49 ± 0.20 kg m-2 d-1 [mean ± 1 st. dev. ]) were consistent with those measured using the gravimetric method (0.54 ± 0.22 kg m-2 d-1). The mean and variation of the fine sediment deposition rates increased with stream discharge during the sampling period. The corresponding vertical mass fluxes in a 1 km long river reach are on the same order of magnitude as the longitudinal suspended sediment flux of the Geul River. This means that sediment infiltration into the gravel bed comprises a substantial portion of the sediment budget of the Geul River

Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created "kleine Noordwaard" wetland area in the Rhine-Meuse delta

Many deltas are threatened by accelerated soil subsidence, sea-level rise, increasing river discharge, and sediment starvation. Effective delta restoration and effective river management require a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of sediment deposition, erosion, and their controls. Sediment dynamics has been studied at floodplains and marshes, but little is known about the sediment dynamics and budget of newly created wetlands. Here we take advantage of a recently opened tidal freshwater system to study both the mechanisms and controls of sediment deposition and erosion in newly created wetlands. We quantified both the magnitude and spatial patterns of sedimentation and erosion in a former polder area in which water and sediment have been reintroduced since 2008. Based on terrestrial and bathymetric elevation data, supplemented with field observations of the location and height of cut banks and the thickness of the newly deposited layer of sediment, we determined the sediment budget of the study area for the period 2008-2015. Deposition primarily took place in channels in the central part of the former polder area, whereas channels near the inlet and outlet of the area experienced considerable erosion. In the intertidal area, sand deposition especially takes place at low-lying locations close to the channels. Mud deposition typically occurs further away from the channels, but sediment is in general uniformly distributed over the intertidal area, due to the presence of topographic irregularities and micro-topographic flow paths. Marsh erosion does not significantly contribute to the total sediment budget, because wind wave formation is limited by the length of the fetch. Consecutive measurements of channel bathymetry show a decrease in erosion and deposition rates over time, but the overall results of this study indicate that the area functions as a sediment trap. The total contemporary sediment budget of the study area amounts to 35.7×103 m3 year-1, which corresponds to a net area-averaged deposition rate of 6.1 mm year-1. This is enough to compensate for the actual rates of sea-level rise and soil subsidence in the Netherlands

Dataset for the paper "Establishing a sediment budget in the newly created ‘Kleine Noordwaard’ wetland area in the Rhine-Meuse delta"

This dataset was collected as part of the NWO-TTW project "Delta engineering - Drowning or Emerging (project no. 12431). This project and the fieldwork was facilitated by Staatsbosbeheer. For this project we take advantage of a recently opened tidal freshwater system to study the sediment deposition or erosion in newly created tidal wetlands. Therefore, we quantified both the magnitude and spatial patterns of sedimentation and erosion in the former polder area “Kleine Noordwaard”, a freshwater tidal wetland In the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands. Water and sediment have been reintroduced in this area since 2008. Based on terrestrial and bathymetric elevation data, supplemented with field observations of the location and height of cut banks and the thickness of the newly deposited layer of sediment, we determined the sediment budget of the study area for the period 2008–2015. For this, we used the data from this dataset, which comprises: 1) the difference in channel bed level for each monitoring period, 2) the initial digital elevation model of the study area, 3) the locations of the inlet, center, and outlet as used for the subdivision of the study area, 4) the location of the dredged area, 5) the total sedimentation as measured at the intertidal flats, and 6) the location and height of cut banks, observed in the study area. The initial digital elevation model of the study area comprises the digital height model of the Netherlands (Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland), supplied with the Channel bed elevation of 2009. Channel bed elevation was measured by Rijkswaterstaat during consecutive bathymetric surveys for the years 2009-2015. Sedimentation on top of the former polder soil of the intertidal flats was measured using Transparent Perspex core samplers during field campaigns in July and October 2014. The former polder soil consists of a compact non-erodible layer of clay, which was used as marker horizon. Furthermore, we measured the height and position of cut banks using a ruler and a Trimble R8 RTK GPS during field campaigns in July and October 2014