Social Dilemmas as Exchange Dilemmas

We develop a new paradigm to study social dilemmas, called exchange dilemmas. Exchange dilemmas arise from externalities of exchanges with third parties, and many real-life social dilemmas are more accurately modeled as exchange dilemmas rather than prisoner's dilemmas. Bulding on focusing and framing research we predict that defection is omnipresent in exchange dilemmas, which is corroborated in to very different experiments. Our results suggest that the fundamental problem of cooperation in many real-life social dilemmas may be more severe and harder to solve than suggested by traditional prisoner's dilemma research, due to the presence of third parties. Directions for future research are suggested, focusing on relations with third parties

Conflict measures in cooperative exchange models of collective decision-making

This study focuses on externalities of exchanges of voting positions in collective decision-making. Exchanges are represented by nonconstant two-person cooperative games. It is assumed that the rate of exchange is specified by the Raiffa-Kalai-Smorodinsky solution, and a model is specified to identify the exchanges. Externality effects of these exchanges are assessed with two conflict measures we develop here. The measures assess within-group and between-group conflict, respectively, and are applied to collective decision-making in the European Union regarding support for fishery infrastructure. The application shows that the measures provide indispensable insights into the decision-making setting and that these can be used for strategic intervention in the setting. It also shows that both actors' power and the outcomes in exchange with externalities are very different from those in exchange without externalities as studied by theories of network exchange.</p

The Impact of Complexity, Rate of Change and Information Availability on the Production Planning and Control Structure

The organizational theory literature argues that the more uncertain the environment, the more likely the firm’s operational decision structure is decentralized. However, it remains unclear which uncertainty dimensions (i.e. complexity, rate of change and lack of information) impacts the production planning and control structure the most given today’s turbulent manufacturing environments. Based on 206 responses from medium sized Dutch discrete parts manufacturing firms, this study retests the impact of these uncertainty dimensions. This study indicates that each dimension of uncertainty affects the production planning and control structure in a different way. In general, complexity, rate of change and lack of information result in a decentralization of the operational planning and control decision structure, but at the same time a centralization of the customer-order processing decision structure

Empirical Studies in Discrete Parts Manufacturing Management

Manufacturing firms are bound by the conditions of their environment. They have to fulfil the demands of various stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, government, financiers, and employees) that provide them the resources to perform their operations. The effectiveness of a manufacturing firm depends on the fit between the manufacturing system and the level of uncertainty in its environment. There must be consistency between numerous manufacturing dimensions, such as operations strategy, process choice, level of decentralization, production planning and control strategies, concepts, and tools, and the characteristics of the dominant Product/Market/Technology (PMT) combinations of the manufacturing firm. This book focuses on empirical studies that address the impact of PMT-uncertainty on various operations management issues in Dutch discrete parts manufacturing firms. It includes an in-depth exploratory longitudinal case study at Urenco Aerospace, a second-tier supplier in the aerospace industry, and two independent surveys (i.e., questionnaire-based research) among Dutch discrete parts manufacturers. The central research question of this book is, ‘what is the impact of PMT-uncertainty on important discrete parts manufacturing management issues, such as the strategic focus on competitive priorities, the dominant type of manufacturing layout, the decentrality of the locus of production planning and control, the use of various production planning and control tools, and line management’s attention for social issues like individual competence management?’ In addition, we extensively focus on organizational and innovation-related characteristics that affect the adoption of an Advanced Planning and Scheduling system within the discrete parts manufacturing industry.Productiebedrijven in de maakindustrie, ofwel discrete productiebedrijven, zijn onvermijdelijk gebonden aan de condities van hun omgeving; ze moeten voldoen aan een scala van eisen en wensen van verschillende belanghebbenden (klanten, toeleveranciers, overheid, financiers, arbeidsmarkt en vakbonden) die hun de middelen verschaffen om de activiteiten te ontplooien. Daarbij is de effectiviteit van een willekeurig productiebedrijf gerelateerd aan de consistentie van het productiesysteem met de omgeving. Hierbij speelt het concept onzekerheid (met name de dimensies complexiteit, dynamiek en informatie onbeschikbaarheid) in de karakteristieken van de dominante Product/Markt/Technologie (PMT) combinaties van het productiebedrijf een belangrijke rol. Dit proefschrift richt zich specifiek op empirische studies binnen de Nederlandse maakindustrie met betrekking tot de invloed van omgevingsonzekerheid op enkele van bovengenoemde productiedimensies. De centrale onderzoeksvraag van dit proefschrift is ‘wat is de impact van PMT-onzekerheid, gegeven de karakteristieken van de PMT-combinaties, op belangrijke productiemanagementonderwerpen zoals de strategische focus op competitieve prioriteiten, de dominante vorm van de productie layout, de mate van centralisatie (i.e., hiërarchie) van de beslissingsstructuur voor productieplanning, de adoptie van verschillende soorten productieplanning- en besturingssystemen, en de aandacht van het lijnmanagement voor individuele competenties’. Gebaseerd op een aselecte steekproef van 206 respondenten, concluderen we dat de invloed van de verschillende dimensies van onzekerheid op de mate van centralisatie van de productieplanningsbeslissingen verschillend zijn. Omgevingscomplexiteit, en in het bijzonder klantenordercomplexiteit, leidt tot een meer gedecentraliseerde beslissingsstructuur voor productieplanning, maar ook tot een meer gecentraliseerde beslissingsstructuur van klantenorderacceptatie en levertijdafgifte. Verder concluderen we dat binnen de Nederlandse maakindustrie de invloed van omgevingsonzekerheid op het gebruik de verschillende productieplanning- en besturingssystemen gering is; complexiteit van interne routering, bijvoorbeeld, is geen voorspeller voor een bepaald type productieplanning- en besturingssysteem. Verder vonden we dat van alle gebruikte dynamiek-gerelateerde variabelen alleen productdynamiek negatief correleert met het gebruik van een APS systeem, en dat gebrek aan informatie juist leidt tot het gebruik van spreadsheetsoftware. Tenslotte is bedrijfsgrootte van belang als voorspeller voor het gebruik van een conventioneel planbord en een kanbanbesturingssysteem. Gebaseerd op een tweede survey onder Nederlandse discrete productiebedrijven, met uiteindelijk een representatieve steekproef van 136 respondenten, vonden we dat management ondersteuning, de aanschafkosten van APS systemen en de hoeveelheid verschillende eindproducten dat een productiebedrijf voert, direct van invloed is op de adoptie van een APS systeem. Verder zijn de begrippen observeerbaarheid (van de voordelen van het APS systeem), de mening van andere gebruikers en het innovatief vermogen van productiebedrijven van invloed op de adoptie van een APS systeem: productiebedrijven die hoog scoren op innovatief vermogen hechten minder waarde aan zowel de mening van andere gebruikers als de observeerbaarheid van APS systemen dan productiebedrijven die laag scoren op innovatief vermogen (en die meer onzekerheid ondervinden rondom een nieuwe technologie zoals APS). Daarnaast speelt professionaliteit op het gebied van operationeel management / logistiek een indirecte rol in de adoptie van een APS systeem.The Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM) is the Research School (Onderzoekschool) in the field of management of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The founding participants of ERIM are RSM Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics. ERIM was founded in 1999 and is officially accredited by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). The research undertaken by ERIM is focussed on the management of the firm in its environment, its intra- and inter-firm relations, and its business processes in their interdependent connections. The objective of ERIM is to carry out first rate research in management, and to offer an advanced graduate program in Research in Management. Within ERIM, over two hundred senior researchers and Ph.D. candidates are active in the different research programs. From a variety of academic backgrounds and expertises, the ERIM community is united in striving for excellence and working at the forefront of creating new business knowledge

Heterogeneity in direct replications in psychology and Its association with effect size

We examined the evidence for heterogeneity (of effect sizes) when only minor changes to sample population and settings were made between studies and explored the association between heterogeneity and average effect size in a sample of 68 meta-analyses from 13 preregistered multilab direct replication projects in social and cognitive psychology. Among the many examined effects, examples include the Stroop effect, the "verbal overshadowing" effect, and various priming effects such as "anchoring" effects. We found limited heterogeneity; 48/68 (71%) meta-analyses had nonsignificant heterogeneity, and most (49/68; 72%) were most likely to have zero to small heterogeneity. Power to detect small heterogeneity (as defined by Higgins, Thompson, Deeks, & Altman, 2003) was low for all projects (mean 43%), but good to excellent for medium and large heterogeneity. Our findings thus show little evidence of widespread heterogeneity in direct replication studies in social and cognitive psychology, suggesting that minor changes in sample population and settings are unlikely to affect research outcomes in these fields of psychology. We also found strong correlations between observed average effect sizes (standardized mean differences and log odds ratios) and heterogeneity in our sample. Our results suggest that heterogeneity and moderation of effects is unlikely for a 0 average true effect size, but increasingly likely for larger average true effect size

The impact of innovation and organizational factors on APS adoption: Evidence from the Dutch discrete parts industry

Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems have gained renewed interest from academics and practitioners. However, literature on APS adoption is scant. This study explores the impact of organizational and innovation related factors on the adoption of APS systems from a factors approach. The results from our field survey of 136 Dutch discrete manufacturing firms, show that management support, cost of purchase, number of end-products, and the value that firms attach to other users’ opinions are key-factors that directly influence the adoption of APS systems. In addition, professionalism, external communications, and innovation experience indirectly influence APS adoption

Detection of data fabrication using statistical tools

Scientific misconduct potentially invalidates findings in many scientific fields. Improved detection of unethical practices like data fabrication is considered to deter such practices. In two studies, we investigated the diagnostic performance of various statistical methods to detect fabricated quantitative data from psychological research. In Study 1, we tested the validity of statistical methods to detect fabricated data at the study level using summary statistics. Using (arguably) genuine data from the Many Labs 1 project on the anchoring effect (k=36) and fabricated data for the same effect by our participants (k=39), we tested the validity of our newly proposed 'reversed Fisher method', variance analyses, and extreme effect sizes, and a combination of these three indicators using the original Fisher method. Results indicate that the variance analyses perform fairly well when the homogeneity of population variances is accounted for and that extreme effect sizes perform similarly well in distinguishing genuine from fabricated data. The performance of the 'reversed Fisher method' was poor and depended on the types of tests included. In Study 2, we tested the validity of statistical methods to detect fabricated data using raw data. Using (arguably) genuine data from the Many Labs 3 project on the classic Stroop task (k=21) and fabricated data for the same effect by our participants (k=28), we investigated the performance of digit analyses, variance analyses, multivariate associations, and extreme effect sizes, and a combination of these four methods using the original Fisher method. Results indicate that variance analyses, extreme effect sizes, and multivariate associations perform fairly well to excellent in detecting fabricated data using raw data, while digit analyses perform at chance levels. The two studies provide mixed results on how the use of random number generators affects the detection of data fabrication. Ultimately, we consider the variance analyses, effect sizes, and multivariate associations valuable tools to detect potential data anomalies in empirical (summary or raw) data. However, we argue against widespread (possible automatic) application of these tools, because some fabricated data may be irregular in one aspect but not in another. Considering how violations of the assumptions of fabrication detection methods may yield high false positive or false negative probabilities, we recommend comparing potentially fabricated data to genuine data on the same topic

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The effect of link costs on simple buyer-seller networks

The effect of link costs on simple buyer-seller networks Doğan, G.; van Assen, M.; Potters, J.J.M. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. We examine experimentally how link costs affect the formation of links between a single seller and two potential buyers as well as the ensuing bargaining. Theory predicts that link costs lead to less competitive networks, with one link rather than two links, and that link costs do not affect the bargaining outcomes conditional on the network. We find support for the first but not the second prediction. 2-link networks form less frequently when there are link costs. Given that a 2-link network forms, however, a seller on average offers a smaller share of the pie to the buyers in the presence than in the absence of link costs. This impact of link costs can be explained by a disutility for (advantageous) inequality on the part of the seller