On the Interpretation of Hysteresis Loop for Electronic and Ionic Currents in Organic Memristive Devices

Being promising elements for neuromorphic computation, memristive devices have been often described as crucial elements for mimicking important synapse properties, such as memory and learning. Among them, organic memristive devices (OMDs) can claim low-cost fabrication processes and the easy tunability of their electrical properties. Up to now, the major bottleneck for their larger uses in neuromorphic computation is low rate of the resistance switching and stability. Herein, a new approach is reported, based on the use of a liquid electrolyte, leading to the manufacturing of OMD with higher stability and faster resistive switching

The Role of the Internal Capacitance in Organic Memristive Device for Neuromorphic and Sensing Applications

Organic electronics has recently emerged as a promising candidate for the emulation of brain-like functionalities, especially at the device level. Among the proposed technologies, memristive devices have gained an increasing attention due to their non-volatile behavior which makes them suitable for the implementation of artificial neuronal networks. However, most of them have an energy-costly switching mechanism which limits the approach of brain like energy efficiency. Different from them, organic memristive devices (OMDs) have a narrow switching window and implement neuromorphic characteristics at voltages <= 1 V. Despite OMDs potentialities in bioinspired electronics, guidelines for the design of devices and materials are still missing. Here it is shown that the device capacitance represents a significant degree of freedom for targeting devices applications. It is also shown that a single OMD emulates activity dependent synaptic functions and neuronal temporal and spatial summation, taking advantage of its three-terminals configuration. Interestingly, despite the neuromorphic applications, OMDs can also sense and amplify incoming signals on the basis of their capacitive and/or resistive values. This spectrum of applications, ranging from volatile to non-volatile characteristics and from neuromorphic computing to bio signals sensing, sets the stage for the realization of integrated circuits for adaptive sensing

Electrical conductivity modulation of crosslinked composite nanofibers based on PEO and PEDOT:PSS

The aim of this work is to investigate the development of nanofiber mats, based on intrinsically conductive polymers (ICPs), which show simultaneously a high electrical conductivity and mandatory insoluble water properties. In particular, the nanofibers, thanks to their properties such as high surface area, porosity, and their ability to offer a preferential pathway for electron flow, play a crucial role to improve the essential characteristics ensured by ICPs. The nanofiber mats are obtained by electrospinning process, starting from a polymeric solution made of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). PEO is selected not only as a dopant to increase the electrical/ionic conductivity, as deeply reported in the literature, but also to ensure the proper stability of the polymeric jet, to collect a dried nanofiber mat. Moreover, in the present work, two different treatments are proposed in order to induce crosslinking between PEO chains and PEDOT:PSS, made insoluble into water which is the final sample. The first process is based on a heating treatment, conducted at 130°C under nitrogen atmosphere for 6 h, named the annealing treatment. The second treatment is provided by UV irradiation that is effective to induce a final crosslinking, when a photoinitiator, such as benzophenone, is added. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both crosslinking treatments can be used to verify the preservation of nanostructures and their good electrical conductivity after water treatment (i.e., water resistance). In particular, we confirm that the crosslinking method with UV irradiation results to being more effective than the standard annealing treatment. Indeed, we demonstrate that the processing time, required to obtain the final crosslinked nanofiber mats with a high electrical conductance, results to being smaller than the one needed during the heating treatment

Flexible and reusable parylene C mask technology for applications in cascade impactor air quality monitoring systems

The development of traceable new methodologies to quantify elemental air pollutants in particulate matter (PM) supports modernization of methods used in air quality monitoring networks in Europe. In the framework of the EURAMET EMPIR AEROMET II project, the combination of cascade impactor aerosol sampling and total reflection X-ray fluorescence elemental spectroscopy (TXRF) was investigated. This technique requires a traceable calibration based on reference samples. This paper describes a new, simple and effective method to produce such reference samples using flexible, reusable, and low-cost parylene C shadow masks, fabricated by photolithographic steps. These shadow masks can be used to produce reference samples that mimic the Dekati cascade impactor's deposition patterns by applying as-prepared micro stencils to 30 mm acrylic substrates and evaporating a reference material (Ti) in arrangements of thin circular dots. The highly flexible direct patterning of acrylic discs with reference material, otherwise impossible with conventional photolithography, allows multiple reusing of the same micro stencils. The aspect ratios of the dots could be repeated with an error less than 4%. A first set of standard reference samples for the 13 stages of the Dekati cascade impactor was produced and preliminary TXRF measurements of the deposited Ti masses were performed. The centricity of the deposition patterns turned out to be an important parameter for the quality of the TXRF results. The parylene mask technology for the production of reference samples turns out to be a promising new approach for the traceable calibration of TXRF spectrometers for the quantification of element concentrations in environmental aerosol samples but, due to its great versatility, it could be used for several other micropatterning applications on conventional and unconventional substrates

Focalization performance study of a novel bulk acoustic wave device

This work illustrates focalization performances of a silicon‐based bulk acoustic wave device applied for the separation of specimens owing to micrometric dimensions. Samples are separated in the microfluidic channel by the presence of an acoustic field, which focalizes particles or cells according to their mechanical properties compared to the surrounded medium ones. Design and fabrication processes are reported, followed by focalization performance tests conducted either with synthetic particles or cells. High focalization performances occurred at different microparticle concentrations. In addition, preliminary tests carried out with HL‐60 cells highlighted an optimal separation performance at a high flow rate and when cells are mixed with micro and nanoparticles without affecting device focalization capabilities. These encouraging results showed how this bulk acoustic wave device could be exploited to develop a diagnostic tool for early diagnosis or some specific target therapies by separating different kinds of cells or biomarkers possessing different mechanical properties such as shapes, sizes and densities

PEDOT:PSS Morphostructure and ion-to-electron transduction and amplification mechanisms in organic electrochemical transistors

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent a powerful and versatile type of organic-based device, widely used in biosensing and bioelectronics due to potential advantages in terms of cost, sensitivity, and system integration. The benchmark organic semiconductor they are based on is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), the electrical properties of which are reported to be strongly dependent on film morphology and structure. In particular, the literature demonstrates that film processing induces morphostructural changes in terms of conformational rearrangements in the PEDOT:PSS in-plane phase segregation and out-of-plane vertical separation between adjacent PEDOT-rich domains. Here, taking into account these indications, we show the thickness-dependent operation of OECTs, contextualizing it in terms of the role played by PEDOT:PSS film thickness in promoting film microstructure tuning upon controlled-atmosphere long-lasting thermal annealing (LTA). To do this, we compared the LTA-OECT response to that of OECTs with comparable channel thicknesses that were exposed to a rapid thermal annealing (RTA). We show that the LTA process on thicker films provided OECTs with an enhanced amplification capability. Conversely, on lower thicknesses, the LTA process induced a higher charge carrier modulation when the device was operated in sensing mode. The provided experimental characterization also shows how to optimize the OECT response by combining the control of the microstructure via solution processing and the effect of postdeposition processing

Hollow core waveguide for simultaneous laser plastic welding

Welding of plastics is a very important process in many industrial fields such as electronic packaging, medical applications, textile joining and automotive. It is often used when finished structure is too large to mold, for cost effectiveness or when dissimilar materials have to be joined. It is also employed in MEMs and Bio-MEMs applications, for example for microfluidic devices, where joint areas are very small, and need an amount of precision that other techniques can’t provide. This work focuses on description of transparent laser plastic welding technique, comparing simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous welding, and the development of an experimental setup for an automotive application. There are different laser welding methods, like simultaneous welding, where all the joining interface is irradiated at the same time and often includes a hollow guide to direct laser beam, and quasi-simultaneous welding, for example contour welding or scanning welding, where the laser spot is driven on joining interface via movement of the source or changing the path of the laser beam. An innovative tool end experimental setup was made to evaluate the simultaneous versus quasi-simultaneous welding to join polymeric material for an automotive application. A DFSS design of experiment was used. A LIMO laser bar diode @808nm with a maximum output power of 50 Watts, was coupled to a multi-mode 400 μm glass core optical fiber (Boscottica) with a numerical aperture of 0.22, by a LIMO Beam Transformation System HOC 150/500 (1401.612). The beam at the output of the fiber was guided through two different optical systems to the welding joint to test the two methods. A SANYO stepper motor was used for the quasi-simultaneous welding. Different kind of plastic materials were joined, Hostacom TRC 787N and THERMORUN TT875NE/BE. We performed static pull tests and dynamic pull test, and found optimum and baseline configuration

Nanomolar detection of the antitumor drug tamoxifen by flexible organic electrochemical devices

Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) represent a versatile tool successfully exploited in the field of Bioelectronics. In particular, OECTs have been used for the detection of a wide set of bioanalytes, often showing superior performance compared to that of commonly used sensors. In this study, we propose a flexible, disposable OECT, based on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) channels and few layers graphene (FLG) sheets gate electrodes, for the detection of Tamoxifen (TAM), an important antitumor drug widely used in breast cancer therapy. The optimal device operation conditions in terms of sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) have been investigated too

Interfacing aptamers, nanoparticles and graphene in a hierarchical structure for highly selective detection of biomolecules in OECT devices

In several biomedical applications, the detection of biomarkers demands high sensitivity, selectivity and easy-to-use devices. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) represent a promising class of devices combining a minimal invasiveness and good signal transduction. However, OECTs lack of intrinsic selectivity that should be implemented by specific approaches to make them well suitable for biomedical applications. Here, we report on a biosensor in which selectivity and a high sensitivity are achieved by interfacing, in an OECT architecture, a novel gate electrode based on aptamers, Au nanoparticles and graphene hierarchically organized to optimize the final response. The fabricated biosensor performs state of the art limit of detection monitoring biomolecules, such as thrombin-with a limit of detection in the picomolar range (≤ 5 pM) and a very good selectivity even in presence of supraphysiological concentrations of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA-1mM). These accomplishments are the final result of the gate hierarchic structure that reduces sterich indrance that could contrast the recognition events and minimizes false positive, because of the low affinity of graphene towards the physiological environment. Since our approach can be easily applied to a large variety of different biomarkers, we envisage a relevant potential for a large series of different biomedical applications

Electrospun nanofibers: From food to energy by engineered electrodes in microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical devices able to directly transduce chemical energy, entrapped in an organic mass named fuel, into electrical energy through the metabolic activity of specific bacteria. During the last years, the employment of bio-electrochemical devices to study the wastewater derived from the food industry has attracted great interest from the scientific community. In the present work, we demonstrate the capability of exoelectrogenic bacteria used in MFCs to catalyze the oxidation reaction of honey, employed as a fuel. With the main aim to increase the proliferation of microorganisms onto the anode, engineered electrodes are proposed. Polymeric nanofibers, based on polyethylene oxide (PEO-NFs), were directly electrospun onto carbon-based material (carbon paper, CP) to obtain an optimized composite anode. The crucial role played by the CP/PEO-NFs anodes was confirmed by the increased proliferation of microorganisms compared to that reached on bare CP anodes, used as a reference material. A parameter named recovered energy (Erec) was introduced to determine the capability of bacteria to oxidize honey and was compared with the Erec obtained when sodium acetate was used as a fuel. CP/PEO-NFs anodes allowed achieving an Erec three times higher than the one reached with a bare carbon-based anode