12 research outputs found
Satisfaction and attitudes of Zagreb medical students towards online education during the COVID-19 pandemic
In March 2020 all in-person teaching activities at the University of Zagreb School of Medicine ceased due to COVID-19 pandemic and online classes were introduced till the end of the academic year. Both teachers and students experienced a completely new teaching environment
Steven-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Following COVID- 19 Vaccination: An Analysis of the EMA EudraVigilance Database
Smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsije
SAŽETAK
MeÄunarodne smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsija opÄenite su, sveobuhvatne i ne prepoznaju lokalne specifiÄnosti poput ekonomskih i tehniÄkih moguÄnosti u pojedinim državama, dostupnosti pojedinih antiepileptika ili drugih metoda lijeÄenja i sliÄno. Stoga se nameÄe potreba izrade nacionalnih smjernica, Äiji su zapravo temelj meÄunarodne smjernice Internacionalne lige protiv epilepsije. Hrvatske smjernice za farmakoloÅ”ko lijeÄenje epilepsija plod su suradnje svih relevantnih struÄnih druÅ”tava i referentnih centara u RH, na Äelu s Hrvatskom ligom protiv epilepsije te Hrvatskim neuroloÅ”kim druÅ”tvom i Hrvatskim druÅ”tvom za djeÄju neurologiju Hrvatskoga lijeÄniÄkog zbora, a odražavaju aktualne socioekonomske i regulatorne specifiÄnosti u naÅ”oj zemlji, najnovije spoznaje farmakoloÅ”kih profila i uÄinkovitosti pojedinih antiepileptika kao i ekspertna miÅ”ljenja. AntiepileptiÄka terapija se uvodi nakon postavljanja dijagnoze epilepsije, stoga profilaktiÄka primjena nije opravdana. Nakon postavljanja dijagnoze potrebno je bolesnika informirati o prognozi bolesti, moguÄnostima lijeÄenja i samopomoÄi, životnim ograniÄenjima te moguÄim neželjenim dogaÄajima. Ciljevi farmakoterapije epilepsija su potpuna kontrola napada uz izbjegavanje nuspojava te održavanje ili poboljÅ”anje kvalitete života. Zlatni standard lijeÄenja je monoterapija odnosno primjena adekvatnog antiepileptika u adekvatnoj dozi. Izbor i titracija lijeka su individualni, a temelje se na smjernicama za lijeÄenje pojedinih vrsta napada, karakteristikama bolesnika i regulatorno specifiÄnim Äimbenicima. Nakon neuspjeha inicijalne monoterapije, potrebna je reevalucija anamnestiÄkih i dijagnostiÄkih podataka te potom postupna i spora zamjena antiepileptika. Racionalna politerapija podrazumijeva kombinaciju dvaju antiepileptika razliÄitih mehanizama djelovanja, prvog ili eventualno drugog izbora za postavljenju dijagnozu, niskoga interakcijskog potencijala, razliÄitog profila nuspojava i sinergistiÄkog ili aditivnog djelovanja. Zamjena generiÄkih ili originalnog i generiÄkog oblika lijeka nije preporuÄljiva, a poglavito nakon postizanja remisije ili prilikom uzimanja visokih doza lijeka. Ukidanje antiepileptiÄke terapije treba biti postupno i sporo, u sluÄaju politerapije jedan po jedan lijek, a u donoÅ”enju odluke o ukidanju, kao i o uvoÄenju antiepileptika, mora biti ukljuÄen bolesnik i njegova obitelj
Using Twitter for sentiment analysis towards AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines
Introduction: A worldwide vaccination campaign is underway to bring an end to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; however, its success relies heavily on the actual willingness of individuals to get vaccinated. Social media platforms such as Twitter may prove to be a valuable source of information on the attitudes and sentiment towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccination that can be tracked almost instantaneously.
-----
Materials and methods: The Twitter academic Application Programming Interface was used to retrieve all English-language tweets mentioning AstraZeneca/Oxford, Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in 4 months from 1 December 2020 to 31 March 2021. Sentiment analysis was performed using the AFINN lexicon to calculate the daily average sentiment of tweets which was evaluated longitudinally and comparatively for each vaccine throughout the 4 months.
-----
Results: A total of 701 891 tweets have been retrieved and included in the daily sentiment analysis. The sentiment regarding Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appeared positive and stable throughout the 4 months, with no significant differences in sentiment between the months. In contrast, the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine seems to be decreasing over time, with a significant decrease when comparing December with March (p<0.0000000001, mean difference=-0.746, 95% CI=-0.915 to -0.577).
-----
Conclusion: Lexicon-based Twitter sentiment analysis is a valuable and easily implemented tool to track the sentiment regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It is worrisome that the sentiment regarding the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine appears to be turning negative over time, as this may boost hesitancy rates towards this specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Drug hypersensitivity reactions : underlying mechanisms, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach
Nuspojave lijekova predstavljaju znaÄajan javnozdravstveni problem u modernoj medicini, a reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijekove relativno su Äesta nuspojava koju kategoriziramo kao nuspojava tipa B. Nastanak veÄine reakcija preosjetljivosti objaÅ”njavao pomoÄu koncepta alergijsko imunoloÅ”ke stimulacije haptenom koja se temelji na opÄenitoj klasifikaciji reakcija preosjetljivosti koju su 1963. objavili autori Gell i Coombs. Tom klasifikacijom reakcije preosjetljivosti dijelimo na Äetiri tipa ovisno o imunoloÅ”kom mehanizmu nastanka. Tip 1 reakcije posredovane su imunoglobulinima E te dovode do nastanka klasiÄne kliniÄke slike alergijske reakcije. Tip 2 reakcije posredovane su imunoglobulinima M ili G usmjerenim protiv sastavnica vlastitih stanica ili izvanstaniÄne matrice. Tip 3 reakcije su posredovane imunokompleksima koji svojim odlaganjem u tkiva dovode do upalne reakcije. Tip 4 reakcije posredovane su staniÄnom imunoÅ”Äu. Iako je nastanak veÄine reakcija preosjetljivosti na lijekove objaÅ”njiv konceptom preosjetljivosti po Gell i Coombsu, u novije doba predložen je i koncept farmakoloÅ”kih interakcija lijekova s imunoreceptorima (p-i koncept) koji dalje nadopunjuje naÅ”e znanje o nastanku reakcija preosjetljivosti i njihovog farmakogenetskoj podlozi. Prema p-i konceptu lijekovi se mogu izravno vezati na imunosne receptore i izravno dovesti do aktivacije staniÄnog imunosnog odgovora i nastanka reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijek. KliniÄka slika reakcija preosjetljivosti je raznolika, od benignih kožnih osipa pa sve do životno ugrožavajuÄih stanja poput anafilakse ili toksiÄne epidermalne nekrolize. DijagnostiÄki postupak pri sumnji na reakciju preosjetljivosti na lijekove se temelji na opsežnoj anamnezi, kožnim i laboratorijskim testiranjima te provokacijskim testovima. KljuÄne rijeÄi: nuspojave lijekova, reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijekove.Drug side effects are a significant public health problem in modern medicine. Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a relativly common side effect that is categorized as a type B side effect. The mechanisms underlying drug hypersensitivity reactions are most often explaind using the concept of allergic-immune stimulation by haptens, which is based on the general classification of hypersensitivity reactions published in 1963 by the authors Gell and Coombs. This classification of hypersensitivity reactions is divided into four types depending on the underlying immune mechanism. Type 1 reactions are mediated by immunoglobulin E and leed to the development of a classical clinical picture of an allergic reaction. Type 2 reactions are mediated by immunoglobulins M or G directed against cell components or the extracellular matrix. Type 3 reactions are mediated by immunocomplexes which by precipitating into tissues result in an inflammatory reaction. Type 4 reactions are mediated by cellular immunity. Although the occurrence of most drug hypersensitivity reactions can be explained by the concept of hypersensitivity according to Gell and Coombs, the concept of pharmacological drug interactions with immunoreceptors (p-i concept) has recently been proposed to supplement our knowledge of hypersensitivity reactions and their pharmacogenetic basis. According to the p-i concept, drugs can bind directly to immune receptors and directly activate the cellular immune response whicih results in the occurence of drug hypersensitivity reactions. The clinical picture of drug hypersensitivity reactions is diverse, ranging from benign skin rashes to life-threatening conditions such as anaphylaxis or toxic epidermal necrolysis. The diagnostic procedure in case of suspicion of a drug hypersensitivity reaction is based on an extensive history, skin and laboratory testing, and provocation testing
Drug hypersensitivity reactions : underlying mechanisms, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach
Nuspojave lijekova predstavljaju znaÄajan javnozdravstveni problem u modernoj medicini, a reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijekove relativno su Äesta nuspojava koju kategoriziramo kao nuspojava tipa B. Nastanak veÄine reakcija preosjetljivosti objaÅ”njavao pomoÄu koncepta alergijsko imunoloÅ”ke stimulacije haptenom koja se temelji na opÄenitoj klasifikaciji reakcija preosjetljivosti koju su 1963. objavili autori Gell i Coombs. Tom klasifikacijom reakcije preosjetljivosti dijelimo na Äetiri tipa ovisno o imunoloÅ”kom mehanizmu nastanka. Tip 1 reakcije posredovane su imunoglobulinima E te dovode do nastanka klasiÄne kliniÄke slike alergijske reakcije. Tip 2 reakcije posredovane su imunoglobulinima M ili G usmjerenim protiv sastavnica vlastitih stanica ili izvanstaniÄne matrice. Tip 3 reakcije su posredovane imunokompleksima koji svojim odlaganjem u tkiva dovode do upalne reakcije. Tip 4 reakcije posredovane su staniÄnom imunoÅ”Äu. Iako je nastanak veÄine reakcija preosjetljivosti na lijekove objaÅ”njiv konceptom preosjetljivosti po Gell i Coombsu, u novije doba predložen je i koncept farmakoloÅ”kih interakcija lijekova s imunoreceptorima (p-i koncept) koji dalje nadopunjuje naÅ”e znanje o nastanku reakcija preosjetljivosti i njihovog farmakogenetskoj podlozi. Prema p-i konceptu lijekovi se mogu izravno vezati na imunosne receptore i izravno dovesti do aktivacije staniÄnog imunosnog odgovora i nastanka reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijek. KliniÄka slika reakcija preosjetljivosti je raznolika, od benignih kožnih osipa pa sve do životno ugrožavajuÄih stanja poput anafilakse ili toksiÄne epidermalne nekrolize. DijagnostiÄki postupak pri sumnji na reakciju preosjetljivosti na lijekove se temelji na opsežnoj anamnezi, kožnim i laboratorijskim testiranjima te provokacijskim testovima. KljuÄne rijeÄi: nuspojave lijekova, reakcije preosjetljivosti na lijekove.Drug side effects are a significant public health problem in modern medicine. Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a relativly common side effect that is categorized as a type B side effect. The mechanisms underlying drug hypersensitivity reactions are most often explaind using the concept of allergic-immune stimulation by haptens, which is based on the general classification of hypersensitivity reactions published in 1963 by the authors Gell and Coombs. This classification of hypersensitivity reactions is divided into four types depending on the underlying immune mechanism. Type 1 reactions are mediated by immunoglobulin E and leed to the development of a classical clinical picture of an allergic reaction. Type 2 reactions are mediated by immunoglobulins M or G directed against cell components or the extracellular matrix. Type 3 reactions are mediated by immunocomplexes which by precipitating into tissues result in an inflammatory reaction. Type 4 reactions are mediated by cellular immunity. Although the occurrence of most drug hypersensitivity reactions can be explained by the concept of hypersensitivity according to Gell and Coombs, the concept of pharmacological drug interactions with immunoreceptors (p-i concept) has recently been proposed to supplement our knowledge of hypersensitivity reactions and their pharmacogenetic basis. According to the p-i concept, drugs can bind directly to immune receptors and directly activate the cellular immune response whicih results in the occurence of drug hypersensitivity reactions. The clinical picture of drug hypersensitivity reactions is diverse, ranging from benign skin rashes to life-threatening conditions such as anaphylaxis or toxic epidermal necrolysis. The diagnostic procedure in case of suspicion of a drug hypersensitivity reaction is based on an extensive history, skin and laboratory testing, and provocation testing
Postvaccination anaphylaxis and mRNAābased SARSāCoVā2 vaccines ā Much ado about nothing?
Could fluvoxamine keep COVID19 patients out of hospitals and intensive care units?
Since December 2019, when the first cases of coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, China,
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, with more than
75 million cases and over 1.6 million deaths worldwide (1).
The international community has invested enormous resources in the development of safe and effective vaccines,
which were registered and approved for widespread use
in record time. Nevertheless, limited production capacities
and vaccine hesitancy could impede a global post-COVID19 recovery, particularly in developing countries