The Human Brain Intracerebral Microvascular System: Development and Structure

The capillary from the meningeal inner pial lamella play a crucial role in the development and structural organization of the cerebral cortex extrinsic and intrinsic microvascular compartments. Only pial capillaries are capable of perforating through the cortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM) to enter into the nervous tissue, although incapable of perforating the membrane to exit the brain. Circulatory dynamics and functional demands determine which capillaries become arterial and which capillaries become venous. The perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries is a complex process characterized by three fundamental stages: (1) pial capillary contact with the EGLM with fusion of vascular and glial basal laminae at the contact site, (2) endothelial cell filopodium penetration through the fussed laminae with the formation of a funnel between them that accompanies it into the nervous tissue while remaining open to the meningeal interstitium and, (3) penetration of the whole capillary carrying the open funnel with it and establishing an extravascular Virchow-Robin Compartment (V-RC) that maintains the perforating vessel extrinsic (outside) the nervous tissue through its entire length. The V-RC is walled internally by the vascular basal lamina and externally by the basal lamina of joined glial cells endfeet. The VRC outer glial wall appear as an extension of the cortex superficial EGLM. All the perforating vessels within the V-RCs constitute the cerebral cortex extrinsic microvascular compartment. These perforating vessels are the only one capable of responding to inflammatory insults. The V-RC remains open (for life) to the meningeal interstitium permitting the exchanges of fluid and of cells between brain and meninges. The V-RC function as the brain sole drainage (prelymphatic) system in both physiological as well as pathological situations. During cortical development, capillaries emerge from the perforating vessels, by endothelial cells growing sprouts analogous to their angiogenesis, entering into their corresponding V-RCs. These new capillaries to enter into the nervous tissue must perforate through the V-RC outer glial wall, a process analogous to the original perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries. These emerging capillaries are incapable of reentering the V-RCs and/or perforating vessels. As the new capillary enters into the nervous tissue, it becomes surrounded by glial endfeet and carries a single basal lamina (possibly glial). Capillaries emerging from contiguous perforators establish an anastomotic plexus between them, by mechanisms still poorly understood. The capillaries of this anastomotic plexus constitute the cerebral cortex intrinsic microvascular compartment and together constitute the so-called blood-brain-barrier. The intrinsic capillaries are changing and readapting continuously, by both active angiogenesis and reabsorption, to the gray matter neurons developmental and functional needs. The brain intrinsic capillaries are among the most active microvessels of the human body. Unresolved developmental and functional aspects concerning the cerebral cortex intrinsic capillary plexus need to be further investigated

The Mammalian Neocortex New Pyramidal Neuron: A New Conception

The new cerebral cortex (neocortex) and the new type of pyramidal neuron are mammalian innovations that have evolved for operating their increasing motor capabilities while essentially using analogous anatomical and neural makeups. The human neocortex starts to develop in 6-week-old embryos with the establishment of a primordial cortical organization, which resembles the primitive cortices of amphibian and reptiles. From the 8th to the 15th week of age, new pyramidal neurons, of ependymal origin, are progressively incorporated within this primordial cortex forming a cellular plate that divides its components into those above it (neocortex first layer) and those below it (neocortex subplate zone). From the 16th week of age to birth and postnatally, the new pyramidal neurons continue to elongate functionally their apical dendrite by adding synaptic membrane to incorporate the needed sensory information for operating its developing motor activities. The new pyramidal neuron’ distinguishing feature is the capacity of elongating anatomically and functionally its apical dendrite (its main receptive surface) without losing its original attachment to first layer or the location of its soma and, hence, retaining its essential nature. The number of pyramidal cell functional strata established in the motor cortex increases and reflects each mammalian species motor capabilities: the hedgehog needs two pyramidal cell functional strata to carry out all its motor activities, the mouse 3, cat 4, primates 5 and humans 6. The presence of six pyramidal cell functional strata distinguish the human motor cortex from that of others primates. Homo sapiens represent a new evolutionary stage that have transformed his primate brain for operating his unique motor capabilities, such as speaking, writing, painting, sculpturing and thinking as a premotor activity. Words used in language are the motor expression of thoughts and represent sounds produced by maneuvering the column of expiratory air by coordinated motor quivering as it passes through the larynx, pharynx, mouth, tongue, and lips. Homo sapiens cerebrum has developed new motor centers to communicate mental thoughts (and/or intention) through motor actions

Acaeceres en la vida de Juce Gotina, sastre judío de la villa de Épila (siglo XV)

The present study analyzes some aspects of the life of Juce Gotina, a Jewish tailor who lived at Epila, an Aragonese village pertaining to the dominion of the Ximenez de Urrea family, in the 15th century. Juce was a son of Jaco Gotina and a grand-son of the Saragossan Jew Nahamen Gotina and of Estruga Albala.Este estudio comenta algunos aspectos de la vida de Juce Gotina, sastre judío que residió en Épila, villa aragonesa del señorío de los Ximénez de Urrca, en el siglo XV. Juce fue hijo de Jaco Gotina y nieto del judío zaragozano Nahamen Gotina y de Estruga Albala

Malos tratos del judío Juce Curi a su mujer Jamila Abenaçoh

The author makes public a legal injunction presented to the merino and comisario of the Jewish and Moorish aljamas in Zaragoza, including the town of Alagon. It was witnessed by Antón de Aldovera, Zaragoza notary, in 1445. The plaintiff, Jeuda Abenaçoh, of Alagon, was attempting to have his son-in-law Juce Curi punished for mistreating Jeuda's daughter Jamila Abenaçoh, Juda Curi's wife.La autora da noticia de un instrumento público de requerimiento hecho al merino y comisario de las aljamas de judíos y moros de Zaragoza y de la villa de Alagón, ante el notario zaragozano Antón de Aldovera, en 1445. El requeriente, el judío de Alagón Jeuda Abenaçoh, pretendía lograr que se castigara a su yerno Juce Curi por los malos tratos infligidos a su mujer Jamila Abenaçoh, hija de Jeuda

Donación del neófito zaragozano Juan Çeal a su hijo Francés de una casa «clamada sinoga» en 1417

The author of thr present study brings to light a document discovered in the Zaragoza Notarial Protocol Archives. It was witnessed by the municipal notary Pedro Serrano in 1417. This document includes an allusion to a donation of a house that the recently baptized Zaragozan Juan Çeal or Çial had made to his son Frances. This property, called sinoga, contained Torahs and rimonim.La autora da noticia de un documento del Archivo de Protocolos Notariales de Zaragoza, que testifico el notario de la ciudad Pedro Serrano en 1417. Se alude en el mismo a la donación que hizo el neófito zaragozano Juan Çeal o Çial a su hijo Francés de una casa «clamada sinoga», con «atoras, coronas e pomas de argent»

La villa de Arándiga, del señorío de los Martínez de Luna, en el siglo XV: sus judíos

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Inútil rebeldía de Ceti Leredi en relación con su matrimonio (siglo XV)

This article describes the incomformist personality of Ceti Leredi, the Jewish woman who tried to rebel against her mariage, previously settled, to Jaco Abenbitas. Ceti, Hahim Leredi's and Duenya Gallur's daughter, lived in Epila, an Aragonese village pertaining to the dominion of the Ximénez de Urrea family, in the 15th century.Este estudio está dedicado a la inconformista personalidad de Ceti Leredi, la judía que intentó rebelarse contra su concertado matrimonio con Jaco Abenbitas. Ceti, hija de Hahim Leredi y de Duenya Gallur, residió en Épila, villa aragonesa del señorio de los Ximénez de Urrea, en el siglo XV

Los judíos de La Almunia de Doña Godina, villa aragonesa de señorfo, en la segunda mitad del siglo XV

The present study is devoted to the Jews who lived in La Almunia de Doña Godina, an Aragonese village of noble rank, from 1470 to 1492, in an attempt to present the reality of their everyday life, as shown in the available documents: the Jewish quarter: synagogue, hospital, graveyard, butchery and other city offices;- the aljama: administration, adelantados and clavarios, taxes, préstamos and comandas either due to or payable by the community or particulars; inner relations between the Jews and with the Christian community; Jewish families of the village; city boundaries within which they owned estate properties; and conclusions. The documentary evidence on which the current study is based are the notary deeds that are kept in the Archives of Protocolos Notariales of La Almunia de Doña Godina, particularly, and of Zaragoza and Calatayud, too.Este estudio está dedicado a los judíos que residieron en La Almunia de Doña Godina, villa aragonesa de señorío, desde 1470 a 1492. A través de él se intenta reflejar la realidad que los documentos muestran sobre la vida de los judíos de esta villa, en los siguientes apartados: judería: sinagoga, hospital, cementerio, carnicería y otras dependencias; aljama: administración, adelantados y clavarios, impuestos, y censos y comandas debidos por la aljama; préstamos y comandas debidos a judíos; relaciones entre judíos y con la comunidad cristiana; familias judías de la villa; términos de la villa donde los judíos tenían propiedades inmuebles; y conclusiones. Su base documental son los instrumentos públicos notariales que se conservan en los Archivos de Protocolos Notariales de La Almunia de Doña Godina, especialmente, y de Zaragoza y Calatayud

La villa de Arándiga, del señorío de los Martínez de Luna, en el siglo XV: sus judíos

The purpose of this study is to highlight 15th century Jewish life in the village of Arándiga, in the kingdom of Aragón. Arándiga belonged to the Martinez de Luna family. Information is derived from public notarial documents contained in the Zaragoza, Calatayud, and La Almunia de Doña Godina Municipal Protocol Archives; what is learned is how the Arándiga Jewish aljama organized its functions, how the synagogue was managed, how butchering was undertaken, how the censos and comandas were paid by the Jewish community, and how Jews interacted with the landed nobility as well as with Christians and Moors. In the section devoted to families, all names and family names of the Jewish inhabitants, their professional activities and their properties have been registered.Este estudio intenta reflejar la vida de los judíos que residieron en Arándiga, villa aragonesa del señorío de los Martínez de Luna, en el siglo XV. Basado en los instrumentos públicos notariales que se conservan en los Archivos de Protocolos de Zaragoza, de Calatayud y de La Almunia de Doña Godina, da noticias de la organización de la aljama judía de Arándiga, de la sinagoga, de la carnicería, de los censos y comandas debidos por la comunidad judía y de las relaciones con los señores de la villa y con las otras dos comunidades religiosas que con ella convivieron, la cristiana y la mora. En el apartado de familias, se recogen los nombres y apellidos de los habitantes judíos, las distintas actividades de sus componentes y sus propiedades inmuebles

La villa de Arándiga, del señorío de los Martínez de Luna, en el siglo XV: sus judíos

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