Uso do hábitat e alimentação em juvenis de Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes, Viperidae) na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil

Herein we describe habitat use, diet, and subjugation behavior of prey in juveniles of Bothrops jararaca that occur in streams in the Atlantic Forest, north coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Additional information on juveniles of B. jararacussu found in similar situations to those of B. jararaca are also discussed. Individuals of B. jararaca were observed mainly on the ground during the day, and on the ground and also on the vegetation at night. The majority of prey were diurnal anurans that inhabit the marginal rocks of streams. Juveniles of B. jararaca hold the prey after the bite, and use parts of the body to subjugate it. The frequent use of streams seems to be related to prey availability, and the use of vegetation at night may protect juveniles from terrestrial predators. Considering that some individuals were resting on the vegetation at night we can infer that juveniles of B. jararaca forage mainly on the ground during the day at the study site. Juveniles of B. jararacussu also use stream margins during the day to search for prey and apparently, similar to juveniles of B. jararaca, forage at times and places where frogs are active

Sinalização visual e Biologia Reprodutiva de Dendropsophus werneri (Anura: Hylidae) em área de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Paraná, Brasil

We studied the reproductive biology and visual signaling of Dendropsophus werneri, whose distribution is limited to the Atlantic Rain Forest. The fieldwork was carried out in the Estação 2 do IAPAR, municipality of Morretes, state of Paraná, Brazil, from August 2006 to March 2007. Additional information on reproduction was gathered in the Reserva Natural Salto Morato, municipality of Guaraqueçaba, state of Paraná, Brazil, from September 2006 to March 2007. Males were smaller than females. Males called throughout all the study period in Morretes, but were active only during three months in Guaraqueçaba; males called from low vegetation along the edge of temporary ponds in open areas. The visual signaling was observed in two contexts: (1) aggressive behaviors between two males and (2) during the reproduction, by amplectant males. In the territorial behavior, males exhibited both aggressive and mixed calls, visual signaling as well as physical combats. We also recorded satellite behavior in four males. The mean egg number per clutch was 244 ± 32 eggs, varying between 188 and 310 eggs. We observed two reproductive modes: Mode 1 and Mode 24. In the present study, Dendropsophus werneri showed elaborated social interactions involving visual signaling, territorial behavior, mating bahavior with tactile stimuli, and two different reproductive modes, demonstrating its complex reproductive biology.Estudamos a sinalização visual e a biologia reprodutiva de Dendropsophus werneri, espécie cuja distribuição está limitada à Floresta Tropical Atlântica. O estudo foi desenvolvido no município de Morretes, entre agosto de 2006 e março de 2007; observações adicionais foram realizadas na Reserva Natural Salto Morato, Município de Guaraqueçaba, de setembro de 2006 a março de 2007, ambas no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. As fêmeas foram maiores que os machos. Os machos vocalizaram durante todo o período de estudo em Morretes e em apenas três meses no município de Guaraqueçaba, utilizando a vegetação marginal das poças temporárias como sítio de vocalização. A sinalização visual foi observada em dois contextos: (1) comportamentos agressivos entre dois machos e (2) durante a reprodução, com o macho em amplexo com a fêmea. No comportamento territorial os machos utilizaram sinalização visual, vocalização agressiva e mista além de combate físico. Foi registrado o comportamento satélite em quatro machos. O número de ovos por desova variou de 188 a 310, sendo postos em média 244 ± 32 ovos. Foram observados dois modos reprodutivos: o modo 1 e o modo 24. No presente estudo, Dendropsophus werneri apresentou interações sociais elaboradas envolvendo uso de sinalização visual, comportamento territorial, dois modos reprodutivos distintos e comportamento de côrte com estímulos táteis, demonstrando a complexidade de sua biologia reprodutiva

Anuros da Reserva Natural Salto Morato, Guaraqueçaba, Paraná, Brasil

O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar a lista de espécies de anfíbios da Reserva Natural Salto Morato (RNSM), uma reserva de Mata Atlântica no Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. O parque está localizado no litoral norte do Paraná, na divisa com o Estado de São Paulo. Nós amostramos ambientes lênticos e lóticos, bromélias e serrapilheira durante os meses de setembro de 2006 a março de 2007. Na RNSM foram registradas 42 espécies de anfíbios anuros, pertencentes a nove famílias, sendo uma espécie endêmica da área de estudo. Nós registramos 14 modos reprodutivos dos anuros na área de estudo. Na RNSM, 50% das espécies de anuros ocorreram em mais de 50% das amostragens, 26% das espécies foram registradas entre 25-50% das amostragens e 24% das espécies foram raras, ocorrendo em menos de 25% das amostragens. A RNSM até o presente momento é a área com a maior diversidade de anfíbios e de modos reprodutivos do Paraná. Esses fatores evidenciam a importância da RNSM para a conservação dos anfíbios.Here we present a survey of amphibian species of the Reserva Natural Salto Morato (RNSM), an Atlantic rainforest reserve in Paraná, southern Brazil. We sampled lentic and lotic water bodies, phytotelmata and leaf litter from September 2006 to March 2007. We found 42 species from nine families, one of which is endemic to the study area. Additionally, we recorded 14 reproductive modes. In the RNSM, 50% of anuran species occur in more than 50% of samples, 26% of species occurred between 25 and 50% of samples, and 24% were rare, occurring in less than 25% of samples. The reserve holds the highest diversity of amphibians and reproductive modes in Paraná. Our results emphasize the importance of RNSM for amphibian conservation.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Ecology and natural history of a snake assemblage at Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, southeastern Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter informações sobre a história natural e a ecologia de uma taxocenose de serpentes na Mata Atlântica do alto da Serra do Mar, no Núcleo Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os principais aspectos estudados foram riqueza, abundância relativa, padrões de atividade diária e sazonal, utilização do ambiente e dieta. Também são fornecidas informações adicionais sobre outros aspectos da história natural das espécies. Um total de 148 indivíduos, de 27 espécies, 19 gêneros e quatro famílias foi encontrado dentro dos limites do Núcleo Santa Virgínia. As espécies mais frequentemente encontradas foram Bothrops jararaca, Xenodon neuwiedii e Liophis atraventer. A maior parte das espécies é predominantemente diurna e terrícola. Dentre os fatores abióticos analisados para a área de estudo, o mais relacionado à abundância das serpentes foi a temperatura mínima, seguido da temperatura média e da pluviosidade. A maioria das espécies encontradas apresenta dieta concentrada em uma categoria de presa ou restrita a poucos tipos de itens alimentares. Aparentemente, anfíbios anuros são o principal recurso alimentar para as taxocenoses de serpentes da Mata Atlântica do alto da Serra do Mar. Os nossos resultados indicam que a estrutura da taxocenose de serpentes do Núcleo Santa Virgínia reflete principalmente as características ecológicas da linhagem mais representada na taxocenose.The objective of this study was to describe the natural history and the ecology of a snake assemblage in the Atlantic rainforest, at Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, located on the northeastem of the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. We describe richness, relative abundance, daily and seasonal activity, and substrate use, besides additional aspects of the natural history of the snakes. A total of 148 individuals, of 27 species, 19 genera and four families, were found within the area of the Núcleo Santa Virgínia. Species that were sampled more frequently were Bothrops jararaca, Xenodon neuwiedii and Liophis atraventer. Among the abiotic factors analyzed, minimum temperature, followed by mean temperature and rainfall are apparently the most important in determining snake abundance and/or activity. Most species presented a diet concentrated on one prey category or restricted to a few major food items. Frogs seem to be the most important food resource for snake assemblages in the Atlantic rainforest on the top of Serra do Mar. Our results indicate that the structure of the Núcleo Santa Virgínia snake assemblage reflects mainly the ecological characteristics of each of the lineages that compose the assemblage

Sinalização visual e biologia reprodutiva de Dendropsophus werneri (Anura: Hylidae) em área de Mata Atlântica no estado do Paraná, Brasil

We studied the reproductive biology and visual signaling of Dendropsophus werneri, whose distribution is limited to the Atlantic Rain Forest. The fieldwork was carried out in the Estação 2 do IAPAR, municipality of Morretes, state of Paraná, Brazil, from August 2006 to March 2007. Additional information on reproduction was gathered in the Reserva Natural Salto Morato, municipality of Guaraqueçaba, state of Paraná, Brazil, from September 2006 to March 2007. Males were smaller than females. Males called throughout all the study period in Morretes, but were active only during three months in Guaraqueçaba; males called from low vegetation along the edge of temporary ponds in open areas. The visual signaling was observed in two contexts: (1) aggressive behaviors between two males and (2) during the reproduction, by amplectant males. In the territorial behavior, males exhibited both aggressive and mixed calls, visual signaling as well as physical combats. We also recorded satellite behavior in four males. The mean egg number per clutch was 244 ± 32 eggs, varying between 188 and 310 eggs. We observed two reproductive modes: Mode 1 and Mode 24. In the present study, Dendropsophus werneri showed elaborated social interactions involving visual signaling, territorial behavior, mating bahavior with tactile stimuli, and two different reproductive modes, demonstrating its complex reproductive biology

Integrated analysis of water quality from two rivers used for public supply in southern Brazil

Abstract: Aim This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of streams that are used for public supply, through an integrated analysis using a biotic index, as well as physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Methods The data were obtained monthly, from November 2014 to April 2015, at eight locations in two rivers in the south of Brazil. The landscape is predominantly rural, with the occurrence of small reforested areas, as well as yerba mate and grape cultivations. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected monthly using a Surber sampler. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured in the field using a portable oximeter. The following parameters were measured in the laboratory: pH, Turbidity, BOD, Conductivity and Nitrate. Results The evaluation carried out in the rivers revealed good water quality, but some sample sites presented reduced water quality. The waters of the Leãozinho River were classified as doubtful at site 1 and as good at sites 2, 3 and 4. Ligeirinho River presented an acceptable rating at sites 1 and 4 and was classified as good at sites 2 and 3. The BMWP’ index was significantly correlated with the abundance of macroinvertebrates, EPT richness and BOD. The abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates in Leãozinho and Ligeirinho Rivers were associated with the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Conclusion This study reinforces the importance of biomonitoring in the evaluation of water quality for human consumption, considering that environmental management and monitoring practices should integrate physicochemical, microbiological and biological parameters

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data