PREVALENCIA DEL HÁBITO DE FUMAR EN ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES DEL COLEGIO PREUNIVERSITARIO GRAL. SAN MARTÍN, UNLAR

Fumar, es una conducta socialmente aprendida, y como todo aprendizaje es un proceso individual, esa conducta se desarrolla con diferencias individuales, familiares, económicas, culturales y sociales. Numerosas son las motivaciones que llevan a adolescentes a iniciarse y experimentar en el consumo. Uno de los Objetivos Generales que guiaron la investigación fue: recabar información que permita caracterizar la situación del consumo de tabaco, en alumnos de nivel Medio (tres primeros años) que asisten al Colegio Universitario Gral San Martín-dependiente de la UNLaR.La investigación de tipo descriptivo con aproximación a un nivel explicativo se enmarcó en la conjunción de paradigmas cuanti-cualitativo. Trabajándose con: estudio de casos, encuestas y entrevistas.El grupo encuestado estuvo compuesto por un total de 139 adolescentes. El 58,27% de los encuestados son de sexo femenino y el 32,37% masculino. El 62,58% de los adolescentes encuestados manifiesta conocer a personas de su misma edad que fuman, mientras que el 34,53% niega conocer a chicos de su edad que fumen. En relación a los motivos, la mayoría opina que por imitar a los adultos o parecer mayor. Luego se encuentran  opciones como: hacerlo porque lo hacen los demás o por probar, por curiosidad y con similar frecuencia para que lo valoren los amigos o porque tienen problemas familiares.Muchos de los motivos de inicio del consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes se corresponden con características propias de su edad, combinadas con las características del contexto socio-cultural posmoderno en el que se sitúan.  PREVALENCE OF SMOKING IN GENERAL SAN MARTÍN PRE-UNIVERSITY SCHOOL STUDENTS. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LA RIOJA (UNLAR) ABSTRACTSmoking is a socially learned habit and as such, it is an individual process with personal, familiar, economic and socio-cultural features. There is a great number of reasons why teenagers start smoking. One of the general objectives in this project was collecting information that enabled the  smoking characterization in High School first years students (up to third year) at National University of La Rioja’s (UNLaR) San Martín Pre-University School.The descriptive research with an explanatory level approach was developed within qualitative and quantitative paradigms through case-studies,  questionnaires and interviews.The study group was made up of 139 adolescents with a 58.27% female and 32.37% male proportions. 62.58% of the interviewed group know other teenagers who smoke and 34.53% manifested the opposite. Most of them expressed adult habit-copying reasons or others, such as looking like other adults. Moreover, some of them expressed they smoke based on “trying”, “copying” and “curiosity” grounds as well as other reasons like friends  groups acceptance and familiar issues.In this regard, the results allowed researchers to visualize that many of the reasons provided by teenagers in the interviews are based on their own age characteristics combined with the post-modern and the socio-cultural  context they belong to.Key words: drugs; tobacco use; addiction; dependence; adolescent

PREVALENCIA DEL HÁBITO DE FUMAR EN ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARES DEL COLEGIO PREUNIVERSITARIO GRAL. SAN MARTÍN, UNLAR

Fumar, es una conducta socialmente aprendida, y como todo aprendizaje es un proceso individual, esa conducta se desarrolla con diferencias individuales, familiares, económicas, culturales y sociales. Numerosas son las motivaciones que llevan a adolescentes a iniciarse y experimentar en el consumo. Uno de los Objetivos Generales que guiaron la investigación fue: recabar información que permita caracterizar la situación del consumo de tabaco, en alumnos de nivel Medio (tres primeros años) que asisten al Colegio Universitario Gral San Martín-dependiente de la UNLaR.La investigación de tipo descriptivo con aproximación a un nivel explicativo se enmarcó en la conjunción de paradigmas cuanti-cualitativo. Trabajándose con: estudio de casos, encuestas y entrevistas.El grupo encuestado estuvo compuesto por un total de 139 adolescentes. El 58,27% de los encuestados son de sexo femenino y el 32,37% masculino. El 62,58% de los adolescentes encuestados manifiesta conocer a personas de su misma edad que fuman, mientras que el 34,53% niega conocer a chicos de su edad que fumen. En relación a los motivos, la mayoría opina que por imitar a los adultos o parecer mayor. Luego se encuentran  opciones como: hacerlo porque lo hacen los demás o por probar, por curiosidad y con similar frecuencia para que lo valoren los amigos o porque tienen problemas familiares.Muchos de los motivos de inicio del consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes se corresponden con características propias de su edad, combinadas con las características del contexto socio-cultural posmoderno en el que se sitúan.  PREVALENCE OF SMOKING IN GENERAL SAN MARTÍN PRE-UNIVERSITY SCHOOL STUDENTS. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LA RIOJA (UNLAR) ABSTRACTSmoking is a socially learned habit and as such, it is an individual process with personal, familiar, economic and socio-cultural features. There is a great number of reasons why teenagers start smoking. One of the general objectives in this project was collecting information that enabled the  smoking characterization in High School first years students (up to third year) at National University of La Rioja’s (UNLaR) San Martín Pre-University School.The descriptive research with an explanatory level approach was developed within qualitative and quantitative paradigms through case-studies,  questionnaires and interviews.The study group was made up of 139 adolescents with a 58.27% female and 32.37% male proportions. 62.58% of the interviewed group know other teenagers who smoke and 34.53% manifested the opposite. Most of them expressed adult habit-copying reasons or others, such as looking like other adults. Moreover, some of them expressed they smoke based on “trying”, “copying” and “curiosity” grounds as well as other reasons like friends  groups acceptance and familiar issues.In this regard, the results allowed researchers to visualize that many of the reasons provided by teenagers in the interviews are based on their own age characteristics combined with the post-modern and the socio-cultural  context they belong to.Key words: drugs; tobacco use; addiction; dependence; adolescent

Variabilidad genética en géneros de ciervos neotropicales (Mammalia: Cervidae) según loci microsatelitales

Los programas de conservación de especies se apoyan fuertemente en estudios de genética poblacional. En el presente estudio, reportamos diversos análisis genéticopoblacionales en ocho especies de cérvidos neotropicales (Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira, M. rufina, Odocoileus virginianus, Hippocamelus antisensis, Pudu mephistopholes, Ozotoceros bezoarticus y Blastoceros dichotomus) y, adicionalmente, en varias especies de cérvidos europeos y asiáticos (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus and Dama dama). Una de esas especies europeas, la población de Cervus elaphus en Escocia, fue tomada como una población con un grado muy elevado de diversidad genética ya que proviene del cruce de diferentes grupos de ciervos rojos procedentes de diversas subespecies de la Europa continental. Desde una perspectiva de una diversidad genética depauperada, se tomó el nivel encontrado en una población de ciervos sika (Cervus nippon) en Escocia, que prácticamente no mostró variabilidad a nivel molecular. Respecto a esos dos casos que consideramos como de elevada y escasa variabilidad genética, encontramos que las poblaciones analizadas de Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira y Odocoileus virginianus estuvieron cerca del límite máximo encontrado para el ciervo rojo escocés (H=0.64, 0.70 y 0.61, respectivamente), mientras que M. rufina mostró el más bajo grado de variabilidad genética de las especies neotropicales, cercano al extremo mínimo presentado por C. nippon. Algunas de las muestras de Mazama y de Odocoileus, tomadas a nivel macrogeográfico, mostraron un exceso de homocigotos debido, probablemente, a la existencia de efecto Wahlund (efecto de subdivisión). Ninguna de las especies analizadas parece haber atravesado un cuello de botella reciente.Genetic variability in Neotropical deer genera (Mammalia: Cervidae) according to DNA microsatellite loci. Species conservation programs are highly based on analyses of population genetics. We compared eight Neotropical Cervidae (Mazama americana, M. gouzaoubira, M. rufina, Odocoileus virginianus, Hippocamelus antisensis, Pudu mephistopholes, Ozotoceros bezoarticus and Blastoceros dichotomus) and some European and Asian Cervidae (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus and Dama dama). The European species C. elaphus was our standard for a high degree of genetic variability: we used a Scottish population originated in the mix of diverse Western European subspecies. On the contrary, Cervus nippon (a population from Scotland with a founder effect) was our standard for a depauperated population. The M. americana, M. gouzaoubira and O. virginianus samples had high diversity values close to our C. elaphus population (H= 0.64, 0.70 and 0.61, respectively), while M. rufina was very low, close to C. nippon. Several sample sets of Mazama and Odocoileus yielded a homozygote excess, probably due to the Wahlund (subdivison) effect. There was no evidence of recent bottleneck events. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 879-904. Epub 2009 September 30

Primary Breast Angiosarcoma: Comparative Transcriptome Analysis

Primary breast angiosarcoma, with de novo appearance and not associated with exposure to radiation or lymphedema, is a rare pathology representing less than 0.05% of the neoplasms related to this organ. The pathology is characterized by its aggressiveness, poor prognosis, and difficulties in its differential diagnosis. This article reports the case of a 55-year-old white woman with no family history of cancer, with a rapidly growing mass in the left mammary gland that ulcerates and bleeds. It is confirmed as primary breast angiosarcoma by immunostaining in the tumor tissue for CD31, CD34, and FLI-1. In addition, a sample of neoplastic and healthy tissues is collected from the patient for RNA sequencing; the results are contrasted with a tissue sample from a patient with Luminal A subtype of breast cancer, as well as data from other cases of angiosarcoma available in public databases. These findings revealed a genetic profile associated with the immune and inflammatory response in the patient’s sample when compared to available angiosarcoma data; these molecular patterns are consistent with other recent studies. Due to the rarity of the disease, the studies carried out on each patient contribute to the expanding knowledge of the etiology and molecular pathways that are still partially known and continue to be the subject of research. Aside from a comparative transcriptome study, this article aims to provide an update on the state of knowledge about this disease

Albendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica: surveillance in different areas of Spain and Argentine

Triclabendazole is the worldwide most used compound to control Fasciola hepatica and reports on drug resistance are abundant. Although the flukicidal use of albendazole (ABZ) is not as widespread, ABZ-resistance reports in liver flukes have increased in recent years. The work reported here describes a survey of the susceptibility/resistant status of different F. hepatica isolates to ABZ in two geographic regions of Spain and Argentine, using the egg hatch test (EHT). F. hepatica eggs were obtained from the gall bladder or faeces of natural infected cattle or sheep from different geographical areas of northern Spain (Castilla y León, Galicia and Asturias) and east (Litoral) and south (Patagonia) of Argentine. Fluke eggs were incubated at 25 ºC in darkness for a 12 h period with ABZ (0.5 nmol/mL). Untreated eggs served as control. After incubation, all eggs were gently washed to facilitate drug removal, and kept in darkness at 25 ºC for 15 days. After this period, eggs were exposed to light for 2 h to stimulate the hatching of miracidia. Hatched and unhatched (undeveloped) eggs were evaluated using an optical microscope and the ovicidal activity, expressed as a percentage, was calculated. A total of 42 (Spain) and 28 (Argentine) F. hepatica isolates were assessed for ABZ-resistance. After the EHT, 4 (9%) isolates from Spain results ABZ-resistant. The EHT could be successfully performed in 28 Argentinian isolates, resulting 75% of them resistant to ABZ. The high prevalence of ABZ-resistance in F. hepatica observed in Argentine can be explained by the widespread use of this flukicidal drug instead of triclabendazole. Oppositely, the low ABZ-resistance observed in the isolates collected from Spain may be related to the common use of a variety of alternative flukicidal drugs, such as closantel, nitroxynil and/or clorsulon.Fil: Alvarez, Luis Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Cantón, Candela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Castilla Gómez de Agüero, Verónica. Universidad de León; EspañaFil: Valderas García, Elora. Universidad de León; EspañaFil: Larroza, Marcela Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Soler, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Lanusse, Carlos Edmundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Martinez Valladares, María. Universidad de León; España29th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary ParasitologyChennaiIndiaWorld Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitolog

Patient-Level, Institutional, and Temporal Variations in Use of Imaging Modalities to Confirm Pulmonary Embolism

International audienceBackground: The choice of the imaging modality for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) could be influenced by provider, patient or hospital characteristics, or over time. However, little is known about the choice of the diagnostic modalities in practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in the use of imaging modalities for patients with acute PE. Methods: Using the data from Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica (RIETE), a prospective international registry of patients with venous thromboembolism (March 2001–January 2019), we explored the imaging modalities used in patients with acute PE. The imaging modalities included computed tomography pulmonary angiography, ventilation/perfusion scanning, pulmonary angiography, a combination of these tests, or PE signs and symptoms plus imaging-confirmed proximal deep vein thrombosis but no chest imaging. Results: Among 38 025 patients with confirmed PE (53.1% female, age: 67.3±17 years), computed tomography pulmonary angiography was the dominant modality of diagnosis in all RIETE enrollees (78.2% [99% CI, 77.6–78.7]); including pregnant patients (58.9% [99% CI, 47.7%–69.4%]) and patients with severe renal insufficiency (62.5% [99% CI, 59.9–65.0]). A greater proportion of patients underwent ventilation/perfusion scanning in larger hospitals compared with smaller hospitals (13.1% versus 7.3%, P <0.001). The use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography varied between 13.3% and 98.3% across the countries, and its use increased over time (46.5% in 2002 to 91.7% in 2018, P <0.001). Conclusions: In a large multinational PE registry, variations were observed in the use of imaging modalities according to patient or institutional factors and over time. However, computed tomography pulmonary angiography was the dominant modality of diagnosis, even in pregnancy and severe renal insufficiency. The safety, costs, and downstream effects of these tests on PE-related and non-PE-related outcomes warrant further investigation

The impact of COVID-19 on the well-being and cognition of older adults living in the United States and Latin America.

In the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults from vulnerable ethnoracial groups are at high risk of infection, hospitalization, and death. We aimed to explore the pandemic's impact on the well-being and cognition of older adults living in the United States (US), Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. 1,608 (646 White, 852 Latino, 77 Black, 33 Asian; 72% female) individuals from the US and four Latin American countries aged ≥ 55 years completed an online survey regarding well-being and cognition during the pandemic between May and September 2020. Outcome variables (pandemic impact, discrimination, loneliness, purpose of life, subjective cognitive concerns) were compared across four US ethnoracial groups and older adults living in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. Mean age for all participants was 66.7 ( = 7.7) years and mean education was 15.4 ( = 2.7) years. Compared to Whites, Latinos living in the US reported greater economic impact ( < .001,  = .031); while Blacks reported experiencing discrimination more often ( < .001,  = .050). Blacks and Latinos reported more positive coping ( < .001,  = 040). Compared to Latinos living in the US, Latinos in Chile, Mexico, and Peru reported greater pandemic impact, Latinos in Mexico and Peru reported more positive coping, Latinos in Argentina, Mexico, and Peru had greater economic impact, and Latinos in Argentina, Chile, and Peru reported less discrimination. The COVID-19 pandemic has differentially impacted the well-being of older ethnically diverse individuals in the US and Latin America. Future studies should examine how mediators like income and coping skills modify the pandemic's impact. Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Psychiatry

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Altres ajuts: Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC); Illumina; LifeArc; Medical Research Council (MRC); UKRI; Sepsis Research (the Fiona Elizabeth Agnew Trust); the Intensive Care Society, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (223164/Z/21/Z); BBSRC Institute Program Support Grant to the Roslin Institute (BBS/E/D/20002172, BBS/E/D/10002070, BBS/E/D/30002275); UKRI grants (MC_PC_20004, MC_PC_19025, MC_PC_1905, MRNO2995X/1); UK Research and Innovation (MC_PC_20029); the Wellcome PhD training fellowship for clinicians (204979/Z/16/Z); the Edinburgh Clinical Academic Track (ECAT) programme; the National Institute for Health Research, the Wellcome Trust; the MRC; Cancer Research UK; the DHSC; NHS England; the Smilow family; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (CTSA award number UL1TR001878); the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; National Institute on Aging (NIA U01AG009740); the National Institute on Aging (RC2 AG036495, RC4 AG039029); the Common Fund of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health; NCI; NHGRI; NHLBI; NIDA; NIMH; NINDS.Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care or hospitalization after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes-including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)-in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease