Captive Breeding and Trichomonas gallinae Alter the Oral Microbiome of Bonelli’s Eagle Chicks

Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata) is an endangered raptor species in Europe, and trichomonosis is one of the menaces affecting chicks at nest. In this paper, we attempt to describe the oral microbiome of Bonelli’s eagle nestlings and evaluate the influence of several factors, such as captivity breeding, Trichomonas gallinae infection, and the presence of lesions at the oropharynx. The core oral microbiome of Bonelli’s eagle is composed of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria as the most abundant phyla, and Megamonas and Bacteroides as the most abundant genera. None of the factors analysed showed a significant influence on alfa diversity, but beta diversity was affected for some of them. Captivity breeding exerted a high influence on the composition of the oral microbiome, with significant differences in the four most abundant phyla, with a relative increase of Proteobacteria and a decrease of the other three phyla in comparison with chicks bred at nest. Some genera were more abundant in captivity bred chicks, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Clostridium and Staphylococcus, while Bacteroides, Oceanivirga, Peptostreptococcus, Gemella, Veillonella, Mycoplasma, Suttonella, Alloscardovia, Varibaculum and Campylobacter were more abundant in nest raised chicks. T. gallinae infection slightly influenced the composition of the microbiome, but chicks displaying trichomonosis lesions had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroides and Gemella, being the last one an opportunistic pathogen of abscess complications in humans. Raptor’s microbiomes are scarcely studied. This is the first study on the factors that influence the oral microbiome of Bonelli’s eagle

Derecho, género e igualdad : cambios en las estructuras jurídicas androcéntricas. Vol 2

Este libro es producto de una selección de ponencias y comunicaciones presentadas en el "I Congreso Internacional Derecho, Género e Igualdad", organizado por el Grupo Antígona de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona durante el año 2009

Estudio de la parasitofauna del ganado ovino de la Región de Murcia

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la prevalencia e identificar las especies implicadas en los procesos parasitarios del ganado ovino en la Región de Murcia. Para ello, se han examinado 181 ovejas adultas de raza Segureña procedentes de las seis comarcas en que se divide la Región. De cada animal se recogió la cabeza, el sistema digestivo y el cardio-respiratorio para su examen. Asimismo, se tomó una muestra de heces del recto que fue analizada mediante las técnicas de … [+]concentración por flotación, concentración por sedimentación y migración larvaria. Todos los animales albergaban una o más especies parásitas, siendo los ovinos del Altiplano y el Noroeste, los de prevalencias más elevadas. Los parásitos encontrados, fueron: Oestrus ovis (38,1%), nematodos broncopulmonares (72,4%), metacestodos (9,9%), nematodos gastrointestinales (91,7%) y trematodos hepáticos (32%). Entre los nematodos broncopulmonares, la especie más prevalente fue Cystocaulus ocreatus (67,7% ) y entre los gastrointestinales destacó Teladorsagia circumcincta (81%)The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and to identify the parasitic species affecting sheep in Murcia Region. We examined 181 adult Segureña sheep coming from different areas of Murcia. The head, digestive tract and cardio-respiratory system were removed from every animal for their exam. Also, a faecal sample collected from the rectum of each animal was analysed using the three main coprological techniques (floatation, sedimentation and larval migration). The whole sheep … [+]population analysed was parasited by one or more species, being the most affected ones those coming from the Altiplano and Noroeste regions. The found parasites were: Oestrus ovis (38,1%), (72,4%), larval cestodes (9,9%), gastrointestinal nematodes (91,7%) and hepatic trematodes (32%). Within lungworm, the most prevalent species was Cystocaulus ocreatus (67,7%), whereas Teladorsagia circumcincta (81%) highlighted within gastrointestinal nematode

Prevalence of Toxocara Eggs in Public Parks in the City of Valencia (Eastern Spain)

Toxocara spp. is one of the most common zoonotic geohelminths in the world. Its infections are associated with the accidental ingestion of contaminated soil and affecting, especially children. In this study, feces, and soil samples from 14 public parks in the city of Valencia were analyzed. The Telemann method and a modified version of a sieving technique were used to process feces and soil, respectively. None of the fecal samples and 10.9% of soil samples from five parks (35.7%) tested positive for the presence of Toxocara eggs. The most contaminated areas were the canine sanitary parks (30.8% of the samples), followed by socialization areas for dogs (9.7%); no positive samples were found at children’s playgrounds. Our results suggest that most pets in Valencia are periodically dewormed, although additional preventive measures should be applied, since the risk of infection exists probably due to the presence of stray dogs and feral cats

Anatomical location and sex ratio of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in sheep in the Region of Murcia

Entre 1998 y 2001 se estudiaron un total de 181 ovejas sacrifi cadas en un matadero de Cartagena (Murcia). El contenido del abomaso y del intestino delgado se recogió y se procesó con objeto de recontar e identifi car los tricostrongílidos encontrados. Se contabilizaron 156.889 nematodos en 158 ovejas parasitadas; de ellos, 103.076 localizados en el abomaso y 53.813 en el intestino delgado. En ambas localizaciones el número de hembras superó al de machos, siendo la proporción entre sexos de 1,57 en el abomaso y de 1,98 en el intestino delgado. Se identifi caron trece especies, ocho de ellas en hábitats no comunes: Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, T. colubriformis, T. axei, Nematodirus spathiger y N. fi licollis en ambos órganos; T. davtiani, M. occidentalis y H. contortus tan solo en el abomaso y T. capricola y N. abnormalis únicamente en el intestino delgado

Localización anatómica y proporción de sexos de los tricostrongílidos gastrointestinales en el ganado ovino de la región de Murcia

A total of 181 adult sheep from a slaughterhouse in Cartagena (Murcia) were studied between 1998 and 2001. The content from the abomasum and small intestine was collected and processed in order to quantify and hasidentify trichostrongylids. One hundred and fi fty eight sheep were parasited with 156.889 nematodes: 103.076 were recovered from the abomasum and 53.813 from the small intestine. In both locations the number of females was higher than males, being sex ratio 1,57 in the abomasum and 1,98 in the small intestine. Thirteen species were identifi ed: Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, T. colubriformis, T. axei, Nematodirus spathiger and N. fi licollis in both abomasums and small intestine; T. davtiani, M. occidentalis and H. contortus only in abomasum and T. capricola and N. abnormalis just in the small intestine.Entre 1998 y 2001 se estudiaron un total de 181 ovejas sacrifi cadas en un matadero de Cartagena (Murcia). El contenido del abomaso y del intestino delgado se recogió y se procesó con objeto de recontar e identificar los tricostrongílidos encontrados. Se contabilizaron 156.889 nematodos en 158 ovejas parasitadas; de ellos, 103.076 localizados en el abomaso y 53.813 en el intestino delgado. En ambas localizaciones el número de hembras superó al de machos, siendo la proporción entre sexos de 1,57 en el abomaso y de 1,98 en el intestino delgado. Se identifi caron trece especies, ocho de ellas en hábitats no comunes: Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, T. colubriformis, T. axei, Nematodirus spathiger y N. fi licollis en ambos órganos; T. davtiani, M. occidentalis y H. contortus tan solo en el abomaso y T. capricola y N. abnormalis únicamente en el intestino delgado

The Role of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Honey Bee Colony Losses and Current Insights on Treatment

Honeybee populations have locally and temporally declined in the last few years because of both biotic and abiotic factors. Among the latter, one of the most important reasons is infection by the microsporidia Nosema ceranae, which is the etiological agent of type C nosemosis. This species was first described in Asian honeybees (Apis cerana). Nowadays, domestic honeybees (Apis mellifera) worldwide are also becoming infected due to globalization. Type C nosemosis can be asymptomatic or can cause important damage to bees, such as changes in temporal polyethism, energy and oxidative stress, immunity loss, and decreased average life expectancy. It causes drastic reductions in workers, numbers of broods, and honey production, finally leading to colony loss. Common treatment is based on fumagillin, an antibiotic with side effects and relatively poor efficiency, which is banned in the European Union. Natural products, probiotics, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and other veterinary drugs are currently under study and might represent alternative treatments. Prophylaxis and management of affected colonies are essential to control the disease. While N. ceranae is one potential cause of bee losses in a colony, other factors must also be considered, especially synergies between microsporidia and the use of insecticides

Multivariate Abundance Analysis of Multi-Host/Multi-Parasite Lungworms in a Sympatric Wild Ruminant Population

In the analysis of a multi-host/multi-parasite system and its associated risk factors, it is particularly interesting to understand the natural dynamics among pathogens, their hosts, and the environment in wildlife populations. This analysis is particularly feasible in a scenario where multiple overlapping host populations are present in high densities, along with a complex community of parasites. We aimed to describe and analyze the naturally occurring lungworm polyparasitism in a wild ruminant community in Southeast Spain. The respiratory tracts of 250 specimens belonging to four different species (red deer, mouflon, Iberian ibex, and fallow deer) were studied. Almost half (48.0%) of the animals were infected with bronchopulmonary nematodes. Seven different nematodes were identified of which two genera (Protostrongylus spp. and Dictyocaulus spp.) and three additional species (Cystocaulus ocreatus, Muellerius capillaris, and Neostrongylus linearis) were recorded in at least two ruminants, with the mouflon as the commonest host. Our study shows a significant effect of host species and sampling area, plus a marginal effect of age, on parasite multivariate abundance at the host population level. Mouflon and adults of all hosts appear to carry the highest parasite load on average. From a spatial perspective, the highest parasite abundance was detected at the central part of the park

Membrane associated proteins of two Trichomonas gallinae clones vary with the virulence.

Oropharyngeal avian trichomonosis is mainly caused by Trichomonas gallinae, a protozoan parasite that affects the upper digestive tract of birds. Lesions of the disease are characterized by severe inflammation which may result in fatality by starvation. Two genotypes of T. gallinae were found to be widely distributed in different bird species all over the world. Differences in the host distribution and association with lesions of both genotypes have been reported. However, so far no distinct virulence factors of this parasite have been described and studies might suffer from possible co-infections of different genotypes. Therefore, in this paper, we analyzed the virulence capacity of seven clones of the parasite, established by micromanipulation, representing the two most frequent genotypes. Clones of both genotypes caused the maximum score of virulence at day 3 post-inoculation in LMH cells, although significant higher cytopathogenic score was found in ITS-OBT-Tg-1 genotype clones at days 1 and 2, as compared to clones with ITS-OBT-Tg-2. By using one representative clone of each genotype, a comparative proteomic analysis of the membrane proteins enriched fraction has been carried out by a label free approach (Data available via ProteomeXchange: PXD013115). The analysis resulted in 302 proteins of varying abundance. In the clone with the highest initial virulence, proteins related to cell adhesion, such as an immuno-dominant variable surface antigen, a GP63-like protein, an armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat protein were found more abundant. Additionally, Ras superfamily proteins and calmodulins were more abundant, which might be related to an increased activity in the cytoskeleton re-organization. On the contrary, in the clone with the lowest initial virulence, larger numbers of the identified proteins were related to the carbohydrate metabolism. The results of the present work deliver substantial differences between both clones that could be related to feeding processes and morphological changes, similarly to the closely related pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis