Production d'énergie et analyse financière d’une installation photovoltaïque en Côte-d’Ivoire

One key factor for boosting economic growth in developing countries is the energetic independence of the countries. Renewable energies are well suited for such purpose even if effective dissemination of renewable energies is their production price. The energy production of solar plants is highly dependent of both sun radiation and climate data and therefore dependent of their location. This paper reports on the economic and financial calculations related to the energy production of a standard 20 kW photovoltaic plant connected to the electric network and located in Ivory Coast (Côte d Ivoire). Its economic profitability in terms of economic returns of the electricity production is calculated by using capital budgeting techniques. It is demonstrated that when photovoltaic plants are considered as economic assets, the knowledge of financial and economic characteristics of the country as well as the geographical localization of photovoltaic plants, have to be taken into account in order to assess the profitability of the investment. The Levelized Cost of the Energy generated for the photovoltaic plant during its expected time of operation (25 years) is calculated and compared with other economical parameters.Guaita Pradas, I.; Marí Soucase, B.; Boko, A. (2015). Energy production and financial analysis of photovoltaic energy plants in Ivory Coast. Afrique SCIENCE: Revue internationale des sciences et technologie. 11(2):24-34. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/60835S243411

Endorse of renewable energy plants, still an alternative investment in Spain?

All the academic submissions on SOP are free to all. People can read, copy, distribute and even download the latest research outcome on various devices, including smart phones, notebooks, pads, Kindles, desktop PC, etc. SOP welcomes every individual researcher and institution to submit or read the first-hand scientific information.[EN] The development of renewable energy technologies depends on two main factors: progress of the related technologies and incentive policies. Long-term incentive policies are essential to achieve progress and spreading of clean energies. However, this scenario is not always met and in some countries some confusion emerge owing to the lack of stable incentive policies. This paper deals with the financial and economical analysis of a standard investment in renewable energy photovoltaic systems in Spain. Main investment parameters related to photovoltaic solar energy plants in Spain during the last decade have been analyzed. Net present value, payback and internal rate of return of a typical 20 kWp photovoltaic solar plant have been calculated in the frame of the recent history of energy policies in Spain. Despite the high variations of incentive policies withdrawn by renewable energy plants, we demonstrate that the evolution of related technology and market has been able to surpass the absence of long-term policies and even nowadays the photovoltaic systems can still be considered as a profitable investment from the economic point of view.This work was supported by European Commission through grant NanoCIS (FP7-IRSES ref. 269279).Guaita Pradas, I.; Marí Soucase, B. (2014). Endorse of renewable energy plants, still an alternative investment in Spain?. SOP transactions on economic research. 1(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.15764/ER.2014.02001S191

Numerical Simulations on Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices

Organometal halide perovskites have recently attracted tremendous attention due to their potential for photovoltaic applications, and they are also considered as promising materials in light emitting devices. In particular, in the last years promising photovoltaic devices with efficiencies above 20% have already been prepared using organometal halide perovskites as absorbent materials

Fabrication and Structural Studies of Porous Anodic Oxid Films on Pure Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy (AA 1100)

[EN] Pure aluminium and aluminium alloy 1100 samples were anodized by one step and two step process. The foils were anodised in 0.3 M sulphuric acid solution at constant voltage of 25V and the temperature was maintained at 20 oC. The effect of increase of exposure time in second anodization step on the structural features was studied on AA 1100. A well ordered nanoporous structure were produced. It was found that in two step anodization process the produced film have very regular hexagonal cells with uniform pores as compare to single step anodization in both Al and AA 1100. The two step anodization improves both pore diameter and uniformity. With the increase in second step anodization time the complexities of porous film increases due to formation of sub pores.Naveen Verma thanks the University grant commission, Delhi, India for providing financial assistance under UGC major research project 40-77/2011(SR) and Jitender thanks CSIR, New Delhi, India for the award of Junior Research Fellowship.Verma, N.; Singh, KC.; Marí Soucase, B.; Jitender (2014). Fabrication and Structural Studies of Porous Anodic Oxid Films on Pure Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy (AA 1100). Chemical Science. 3(2):556-561. https://doi.org/10.7598/cst2014.726S5565613

Electrochromic switching of electrodeposited ZnO+Zn5(OH) 8Cl2 films

This study reports the effect of optical switching of electrodeposited ZnO + Zn5(OH)8Cl2 films on a gold electrode in a bath of 0.05 M Zn(NO3)2 + 0.1 M KCl. The coating turns black when cathodic polarization is applied yet when the current is removed the electrode immediately returns to a white colour. This optical effect is reversible and can be switched through various cycles.The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Rayón Encinas, E.; Cembrero Cil, J.; Marí Soucase, B. (2011). Electrochromic switching of electrodeposited ZnO+Zn5(OH) 8Cl2 films. Materials Letters. 65(23):3424-3426. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.07.052S34243426652

A Viability Approach For Management Of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Node Performance

The long-term use of wireless sensors node while guaranteeing a good Quality of Services (QoS) is a major challenge in wireless sensor networks. Most of the relevant solutions which exist are proposed under Mac layer level but they use an optimization technique which requires a regular update of parameters and leads to unnecessary energy consumptiom which reduces the expected liftime and QoS. So in order to adress this issue, we propose in this paper, an adaptive management of wireless sensor node resources to meet application requirements in terms of energy consumption, reliability and delay. To do this, we have used the theory of viability, which is an approach that allows controling the evolution of a system in a set of desirable states. Here we have proposed an enhanced analytical model of sensor node’s energy dynamic, and we control it based on both Mac layer parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the packet sampling frequency. The simulation results have shown that the proposed model is more accurate and efficient as a node can send more information without violating energy, reliability and delay constraints

Effective electrochemical n-type doping of ZnO thin films for optoelectronic window applications

[EN] An effective n-type doping of ZnO thin films electrochemically synthetized was achieved by varying the chloride ion concentration in the starting electrolyte. The ratio between chloride and zinc cations was varied between 0 and 2 while the zinc concentration in the solution was kept constant. When the concentration of chloride in the bath increases an effective n-type doping of ZnO films takes place. n-type doping is evidenced by the rise of donors concentration, obtained from Mott-Schottky measurements, as well as from the blueshift observed in the optical gap owing to the Burstein-Moss effect.This work was supported by Spanish Government through MCINN grant MAT2009-14625-C03-03 and European Commission through NanoCIS project FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IRSES (ref. 269279).Cembrero Coca, P.; Mollar García, MA.; Singh, K.; Marí Soucase, B. (2013). Effective electrochemical n-type doping of ZnO thin films for optoelectronic window applications. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 2(7):Q108-Q112. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.023307jssSQ108Q11227Guill�n-Santiago, A., de la L. Olvera, M., Maldonado, A., Asomoza, R., & Acosta, D. R. (2004). Electrical, structural and morphological properties of chemically sprayed F-doped ZnO films: effect of the ageing-time of the starting solution, solvent and substrate temperature. physica status solidi (a), 201(5), 952-959. doi:10.1002/pssa.200306727Oba, F., Choi, M., Togo, A., & Tanaka, I. (2011). Point defects in ZnO: an approach from first principles. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 12(3), 034302. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/12/3/034302Oh, B.-Y., Jeong, M.-C., Lee, W., & Myoung, J.-M. (2005). Properties of transparent conductive ZnO:Al films prepared by co-sputtering. Journal of Crystal Growth, 274(3-4), 453-457. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.10.026Manouni, A. E., Manjón, F. J., Mollar, M., Marí, B., Gómez, R., López, M. C., & Ramos-Barrado, J. R. (2006). Effect of aluminium doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by spray pyrolysis. Superlattices and Microstructures, 39(1-4), 185-192. doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2005.08.041Kato, H., Sano, M., Miyamoto, K., & Yao, T. (2002). Growth and characterization of Ga-doped ZnO layers on a-plane sapphire substrates grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Journal of Crystal Growth, 237-239, 538-543. doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01972-8Ye, J. D., Gu, S. L., Zhu, S. M., Liu, S. M., Zheng, Y. D., Zhang, R., & Shi, Y. (2005). Fermi-level band filling and band-gap renormalization in Ga-doped ZnO. Applied Physics Letters, 86(19), 192111. doi:10.1063/1.1928322Morinaga, Y., Sakuragi, K., Fujimura, N., & Ito, T. (1997). Effect of Ce doping on the growth of ZnO thin films. Journal of Crystal Growth, 174(1-4), 691-695. doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(97)00045-6Castañeda, L., García-Valenzuela, A., Zironi, E. P., Cañetas-Ortega, J., Terrones, M., & Maldonado, A. (2006). Formation of indium-doped zinc oxide thin films using chemical spray techniques: The importance of acetic acid content in the aerosol solution and the substrate temperature for enhancing electrical transport. Thin Solid Films, 503(1-2), 212-218. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.263Marí, B., Sahal, M., Mollar, M. A., Cerqueira, F. M., & Samantilleke, A. P. (2012). p-Type behaviour of electrodeposited ZnO:Cu films. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 16(6), 2261-2265. doi:10.1007/s10008-011-1635-xHu, J., & Gordon, R. G. (1991). Textured fluorine-doped ZnO films by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition and their use in amorphous silicon solar cells. Solar Cells, 30(1-4), 437-450. doi:10.1016/0379-6787(91)90076-2Xu, H. Y., Liu, Y. C., Mu, R., Shao, C. L., Lu, Y. M., Shen, D. Z., & Fan, X. W. (2005). F-doping effects on electrical and optical properties of ZnO nanocrystalline films. Applied Physics Letters, 86(12), 123107. doi:10.1063/1.1884256Cui, J. B., Soo, Y. C., Chen, T. P., & Gibson, U. J. (2008). Low-Temperature Growth and Characterization of Cl-Doped ZnO Nanowire Arrays. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(12), 4475-4479. doi:10.1021/jp710855zTchelidze, T., Chikoidze, E., Gorochov, O., & Galtier, P. (2007). Perspectives of chlorine doping of ZnO. Thin Solid Films, 515(24), 8744-8747. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.04.003Chikoidze, E., Nolan, M., Modreanu, M., Sallet, V., & Galtier, P. (2008). Effect of chlorine doping on electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films. Thin Solid Films, 516(22), 8146-8149. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.04.076Rousset, J., Saucedo, E., & Lincot, D. (2009). Extrinsic Doping of Electrodeposited Zinc Oxide Films by Chlorine for Transparent Conductive Oxide Applications. Chemistry of Materials, 21(3), 534-540. doi:10.1021/cm802765cGordon, R. G. (2000). Criteria for Choosing Transparent Conductors. MRS Bulletin, 25(8), 52-57. doi:10.1557/mrs2000.151Yi, G.-C., Wang, C., & Park, W. I. (2005). ZnO nanorods: synthesis, characterization and applications. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 20(4), S22-S34. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/20/4/003Huang, M. H., Wu, Y., Feick, H., Tran, N., Weber, E., & Yang, P. (2001). Catalytic Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires by Vapor Transport. Advanced Materials, 13(2), 113-116. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:23.0.co;2-hWang, X., Summers, C. J., & Wang, Z. L. (2004). Large-Scale Hexagonal-Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanorods for Nano-optoelectronics and Nanosensor Arrays. Nano Letters, 4(3), 423-426. doi:10.1021/nl035102cPark, W. I., Kim, D. H., Jung, S.-W., & Yi, G.-C. (2002). Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods. Applied Physics Letters, 80(22), 4232-4234. doi:10.1063/1.1482800Davidová, M., Nachtigallová, D., Bulánek, R., & Nachtigall, P. (2003). Characterization of the Cu+Sites in High-Silica Zeolites Interacting with the CO Molecule:  Combined Computational and Experimental Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(10), 2327-2332. doi:10.1021/jp026989oBludský, O., Nachtigall, P., Čičmanec, P., Knotek, P., & Bulánek, R. (2005). Characterization of the Cu+ sites in MFI zeolites: combined computational and experimental study. Catalysis Today, 100(3-4), 385-389. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.09.070Lévy-Clément, C., Tena-Zaera, R., Ryan, M. A., Katty, A., & Hodes, G. (2005). CdSe-Sensitized p-CuSCN/Nanowire n-ZnO Heterojunctions. Advanced Materials, 17(12), 1512-1515. doi:10.1002/adma.200401848Könenkamp, R., Word, R. C., & Godinez, M. (2005). Ultraviolet Electroluminescence from ZnO/Polymer Heterojunction Light-Emitting Diodes. Nano Letters, 5(10), 2005-2008. doi:10.1021/nl051501rMentzen, B. F., & Bergeret, G. (2007). Crystallographic Determination of the Positions of the Copper Cations in Zeolite MFI. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(34), 12512-12516. doi:10.1021/jp075452dIzaki, M., & Omi, T. (1996). Transparent zinc oxide films prepared by electrochemical reaction. Applied Physics Letters, 68(17), 2439-2440. doi:10.1063/1.116160Gu, Z. H. (1999). Electrochemical Deposition of ZnO Thin Films on Tin-Coated Glasses. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146(1), 156. doi:10.1149/1.1391579Peulon, S., & Lincot, D. (1996). Cathodic electrodeposition from aqueous solution of dense or open-structured zinc oxide films. Advanced Materials, 8(2), 166-170. doi:10.1002/adma.19960080216Elias, J., Tena-Zaera, R., & Lévy-Clément, C. (2007). Electrodeposition of ZnO nanowires with controlled dimensions for photovoltaic applications: Role of buffer layer. Thin Solid Films, 515(24), 8553-8557. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2007.04.027Pauporté, T., & Lincot, D. (2001). Hydrogen peroxide oxygen precursor for zinc oxide electrodeposition II—Mechanistic aspects. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 517(1-2), 54-62. doi:10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00674-xElias, J., Tena-Zaera, R., & Lévy-Clément, C. (2008). Effect of the Chemical Nature of the Anions on the Electrodeposition of ZnO Nanowire Arrays. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(15), 5736-5741. doi:10.1021/jp7120092Marí, B., Tortosa, M., Mollar, M., Boscà, J. V., & Cui, H. N. (2010). Electrodeposited ZnCdO thin films as conducting optical layer for optoelectronic devices. Optical Materials, 32(11), 1423-1426. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2010.05.009Cembrero, J., Busquets-Mataix, D., Rayón, E., Pascual, M., Pérez-Puig, M. A., & Marí, B. (2013). Control parameters on the fabrication of ZnO hollow nanocolumns. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 16(1), 211-216. doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2012.04.014Cardon, F., & Gomes, W. P. (1978). On the determination of the flat-band potential of a semiconductor in contact with a metal or an electrolyte from the Mott-Schottky plot. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 11(4), L63-L67. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/11/4/003Windisch, C. F., & Exarhos, G. J. (2000). Mott–Schottky analysis of thin ZnO films. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 18(4), 1677-1680. doi:10.1116/1.582406Mora-Seró, I., Fabregat-Santiago, F., Denier, B., Bisquert, J., Tena-Zaera, R., Elias, J., & Lévy-Clément, C. (2006). Determination of carrier density of ZnO nanowires by electrochemical techniques. Applied Physics Letters, 89(20), 203117. doi:10.1063/1.2390667Roth, A. P., Webb, J. B., & Williams, D. F. (1982). Band-gap narrowing in heavily defect-doped ZnO. Physical Review B, 25(12), 7836-7839. doi:10.1103/physrevb.25.7836Kim, C. E., Moon, P., Kim, S., Myoung, J.-M., Jang, H. W., Bang, J., & Yun, I. (2010). Effect of carrier concentration on optical bandgap shift in ZnO:Ga thin films. Thin Solid Films, 518(22), 6304-6307. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2010.03.042Baer, W. S. (1967). Faraday Rotation in ZnO: Determination of the Electron Effective Mass. Physical Review, 154(3), 785-789. doi:10.1103/physrev.154.785Aghamalyan, N. R., Kafadaryan, E. A., Hovsepyan, R. K., & Petrosyan, S. I. (2004). Absorption and reflection analysis of transparent conductive Ga-doped ZnO films. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 20(1), 80-85. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/20/1/01

Effect of mixed iodine and bromine on optical properties in methylammonium lead chlorine (MAPbCl3) spin-coated on the zinc oxide film

The optical influence of mixing methylammonium lead chlorine (MAPbCl3) with iodine and bromine was studied in this work. The spin coating method deposited three layers of perovskites (MAPbCl3, MAPbCl2I, and MAPbCl2Br) on a layer of zinc oxide (ZnO). The zinc oxide solution was prepared by dissolving dehydrated zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2, 2H2O]> 99.5% purity in ethanol to give a 0.5 M solution. The perovskite solutions were prepared using lead chloride (PbCl2), methylammonium chloride (MACl), methylammonium iodide (MAI), and methylammonium bromide (MABr). The precursor containing iodine was dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the others in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO 99.9%). The films produced were characterized by UV-Visible. The analysis showed that the sample mixed with iodine has good properties. This sample absorbs the most and has a small band gap of 2 eV. The degradation study reveals that the unmixed sample (MAPbCl3) is the most stable

Photoluminescent properties of electrochemically synthetized ZnO nanotubes

ZnO nanotubes were prepared by a sequential combination of electrochemical deposition, chemical attack and regeneration. ZnO nanocolumns were initially electrodeposited on conductive substrates and then converted into nanotubes by a process involving chemical etching and subsequent regrowth. The morphology of these ZnO nanocolumns and derived nanotubes was monitored by Scanning Electron Microscopy and their optical properties was studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photoluminescence were measured as a function of temperature, from 6 to 300 K, for both nanocolumns and nanotubes. In order to study the behaviour of induced intrinsic defect all ZnO films were annealed in air at 400 °C and their photoluminescent properties were also registered before and after annealing. The behaviour of photoluminescence is explained taking into account the contribution of different point defects. A band energy diagram related to intrinsic defects was proposed to describe the behaviour of photoluminescence spectraThis work was supported by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (ENE2013-46624-C4-4-R) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeus 2014/044).Gracia Jimenez, JM.; Cembrero Cil, J.; Mollar García, MA.; Marí Soucase, B. (2016). Photoluminescent properties of electrochemically synthetized ZnO nanotubes. Materials Characterization. 119:152-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.07.022S15215811

Anodic Oxide Films on Niobium and Tantalum in Different Aqueous Electrolytes and Their Impedance Characteristics

[EN] The anodic oxide films were prepared on the niobium and tantalum in aqueous electrolyte mixtures containing 1 M CH3COOH + 1 M H3PO4 or 1 M CH3COOH + 1 vol.% HF or 1 M CH3COOH + 1 M H3PO4 + 1 vol.% HF at 30 V for 30 min. The barrier films were obtained on both niobium and tantalum surfaces in all electrolyte mixtures except niobium oxide film formed in 1 M CH3COOH + 1 vol.% HF which is porous in nature. The anodic oxide "pedance spectroscopy at open-circuit potential on Nb and Ta was applied and obtained data were analyzed by fitting with four different equivalent circuits.Verma, N.; Singh, K.; Marí Soucase, B.; Mollar García, MA.; Jindal, J. (2016). Anodic Oxide Films on Niobium and Tantalum in Different Aqueous Electrolytes and Their Impedance Characteristics. Acta Physica Polonica A. 129:297-303. doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.129.297S29730312