Achieving 45% efficiency of CIGS/CdS Solar Cell by adding GaAs using optimization techniques

This paper proposes an efficient three-layered p-GaAs/p-CIGS/n-CdS (PPN), a unique solar cell architecture. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based solar cells exhibit substantial performance than the ones utilizing cadmium sulfide (CdS). On the contrary, CIGS-based devices are more efficient, considering their device performance, environmentally benign nature, and reduced cost. Therefore, our paper proposes a numerical analysis of the homojunction PPN-junction GaAs solar cell structure along with n-ZnO front contact that was simulated using the Solar Cells Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. Moreover, we investigated optimization techniques for evaluating the effect of the thickness and the carrier density on the performance of the PPN layer on solar cell architecture. Subsequently, the paper discusses the electronic characteristics of adding GaAs material on the top of the conventional (PN) junction, further leading to improved values of the parameters, such as the power conversion efficiency (PCE), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and short-circuit current density (JSC) of the solar cell. The most promising results of our study show that adding the GaAs layer using the optimised values of thickness as 5 ({\mu}m) and carrier density as 1*1020 (1/cm) will result in the maximum PCE, VOC, FF, and JSC of 45.7%, 1.16V, 89.52% and 43.88 (mA/m2), respectively, for the proposed solar cell architecture

Factors Leading to an Unexpected Early Control of Covid-19 in Pakistan

Introduction Different types of planning and strategies have been formulated following the up rise of Covid-19 in an attempt to limit the spread and to minimize both the crisis but the situation is still getting worse even in the developed states. Unexpectedly the rate of rise of Covid-19 declined after June 2020 in Pakistan and the slope decreased to 8,884 active cases out of 313,984 confirmed cases till September 2020. In addition to this unexpected decline, number of covid-19 related deaths. The fall in the covid-19 was unforeseen in this area and it led to the curiosity regarding the factors that were responsible for this scenario Methodology A country based research project was carried out in the Northwest School of Medicine for a period of 6 months. A sample group of 877 individuals of both the genders, age range from 15 to 80 years, belonging to various occupations, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds were included. Questionnaire on probable responsible factors for early control and shared with the participants. Results Most of the participants had an adequate level of knowledge and positive attitude towards Covid-19. The most prominent factor identified was the lack of stress and optimistic attitude. Conclusion  The optimistic attitude and low stress levels not only decreased the disease spread but also reduced its morbidity level. Key words; Covid-19, unexpected control, morbidity, factor

Factors Leading to an Unexpected Early Control of Covid-19 in Pakistan

Introduction Different types of planning and strategies have been formulated following the up rise of Covid-19 in an attempt to limit the spread and to minimize both the crisis but the situation is still getting worse even in the developed states. Unexpectedly the rate of rise of Covid-19 declined after June 2020 in Pakistan and the slope decreased to 8,884 active cases out of 313,984 confirmed cases till September 2020. In addition to this unexpected decline, number of covid-19 related deaths. The fall in the covid-19 was unforeseen in this area and it led to the curiosity regarding the factors that were responsible for this scenario Methodology A country based research project was carried out in the Northwest School of Medicine for a period of 6 months. A sample group of 877 individuals of both the genders, age range from 15 to 80 years, belonging to various occupations, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds were included. Questionnaire on probable responsible factors for early control and shared with the participants. Results Most of the participants had an adequate level of knowledge and positive attitude towards Covid-19. The most prominent factor identified was the lack of stress and optimistic attitude. Conclusion  The optimistic attitude and low stress levels not only decreased the disease spread but also reduced its morbidity level. Key words; Covid-19, unexpected control, morbidity, factor

Multi-Agent Systems for Control and Monitoring of Dams

In AI, Multi Agent System (MAS) approach is used by many applications such as in robotics, communication network and in vehicles management. In this paper, author proposed a model of intelligent agents to assist the operator in analyzing the level of water in a Dam, and helps in supplying of waters towards power station or lake. The problems which are encountered in development, working, controlling and monitoring of large Dams are: cost, manpower and assessment of level of water.  In this paper, the working of proposed MAS is represented in two fold; firstly Assessment Agent, analyze the level of water in lake according to define validation rules and secondly data is collected from water supply agent and power station agent. This model helps to improve and synchronize the management and control process of water of different Dams. Keywords: Cost, Control Process , Multi Agent System , Intelligent Agen

Lap Shear Strength and Fatigue Analysis of Continuous Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Composites by Varying the Load and Fibre Content

This study focuses on evaluating the fatigue life performance of 3D-printed polymer composites produced through the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. Fatigue life assessment is essential in designing components for industries like aerospace, medical, and automotive, as it provides an estimate of the component’s safe service life during operation. While there is a lack of detailed research on the fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed polymer composites, this paper aims to fill that gap. Fatigue tests were conducted on the 3D-printed polymer composites under various loading conditions, and static (tensile) tests were performed to determine their ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue testing load ranged from 80% to 98% of the total static load. The results showed that the fatigue life of the pressed samples using a platen press was significantly better than that of the non-pressed samples. Samples subjected to fatigue testing at 80% of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) did not experience failure even after 1 million cycles, while samples tested at 90% of UTS failed after 50,000 cycles, with the failure being characterized as splitting and clamp area failure. This study also included a lap shear analysis of the 3D-printed samples, comparing those that were bonded using a two-part Araldite glue to those that were fabricated as a single piece using the Markforged Mark Two 3D printer. In summary, this study sheds light on the fatigue life performance of 3D-printed polymer composites fabricated using the FDM technique. The results suggest that the use of post-printing platen press improved the fatigue life of 3D-printed samples, and that single printed samples have better strength of about 265 MPa than adhesively bonded samples in which the strength was 56 MPa

Zeolite H-ZSM-5: an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for One-Pot Synthesis of Amidoalkyl Naphthols under Solvent-Free Conditions

Zeolites have been used as an excellent and highly efficient catalyst for one-pot synthesis of amidoalkyl naphthols. This route involves multicomponent reaction of 2-napthol, various aromatic aldhydes and amide in presence of catalyst Zeolite H-ZSM-5 under solvent free condition. The synthesized Zeolite was characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. The products were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR. The method involves shorter reaction time, simple procedure, easy workup and the products are obtained in excellent yield