Rol educativo del profesional de enfermería hacia los familiares de pacientes esquizofrénicos

The core aim of the study was to determine the role of nurses’ education towards the families of schizophrenic patients at the Psychiatric Hospital. Maracaibo, Venezuela. Period: September 2009 - February 2010. The design was cross-sectional, with a target population of 30 families, who answered a questionnaire of 20 items. The analysis and interpretation of the data was based on descriptive statistics. Results: In relation to the health promotion dimension, more than half the nursing staff informed them about mental illness suffered by their relatives. A high percentage of the population studied stated that informative billboards, distributed at the hospital, did not provide information on the latest scientific advances in the field of psychiatry. In addition, more than half of the population reported that during the visits, nurses did not give them scientific information about the importance of recognizing symptoms of mental illness. Also, they expressed that the nursing staff explained to them about drug treatment and their effects, but they did not give them diet recommendations. More than half of the relatives stated that nursing staff did not inform them about patients’ rights and duties. Regarding the psychosocial dimension, respondents said that nursing staff did not notify them about the health of their patients and they did not help them to express their fears or manifestations of support through physical contact nor did they show concern or interest in their patients’ problems. However, there was a high frequency of responses stating that nursing staff did allow free expression of their feelings and provided information about medical procedures and specific measures of healthcare. They were satisfied with the healthcare provided by nurses. In relation to spiritual needs, the relatives said that the nursing staff showed respect for their religious beliefs. Finally, a high percentage of people expressed that nurses respected their beliefs and customs.El objetivo fue determinar el rol educativo del profesional de enfermería hacia los familiares de pacientes esquizofrénicos recluidos en el Hospital Psiquiátrico. Maracaibo, Venezuela. Septiembre 2009- Febrero 2010. El estudio fue descriptivo, con diseño transversal, con una población de 30 familiares, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de 20 ítems. El análisis e interpretación de los resultados se realizó con base a la Estadística Descriptiva.En relación a la dimensión Promoción de la Salud, se determinó, según la opinión de los familiares, que más de la mitad del personal de enfermería le ha informado sobre la enfermedad mental que padece su familiar; un alto porcentaje de la población estudiada manifestó que las carteleras que se encuentran distribuidas en el ambulatorio no ofrecen información sobre los últimos adelantos científicos en el campo de la psiquiatría; asimismo, más de la mitad de la población afirmó que durante el tiempo que permaneció de visita, el personal de enfermería no le ofreció información científica relacionada con la importancia de reconocer los síntomas de la enfermedad mental de su familiar y expresaron además que este personal sí les informó sobre el tratamiento farmacológico y los efectos que ellos producen; pero no les explicó sobre la dieta alimentaria, más de la mitad de los familiares manifestaron que el personal de enfermería no les informó sobre sus deberes y derechos.En cuanto a la dimensión Psicosocial, los familiares encuestados afirmaron que el personal de enfermería no expresó preocupación por el estado de salud de su familiar, ni les ayudó a expresar sus temores; tampoco proporcionó manifestaciones de apoyo a través del contacto físico, no demostró preocupación ni interés a sus problemas familiares. Sin embargo, se destacó la alta frecuencia de respuestas positivas en cuanto a que el personal de enfermería sí les permitió la libre expresión de sus sentimientos, se presentó por su nombre, les informó sobre los procedimientos médicos que se les realizan a su familiar, si respetan su condición social, sí ofreció información sobre los cuidados en pro de la salud de su familiar, se sienten satisfechos por la atención que recibe su familiar.En relación a la dimensión Necesidades Espirituales, los familiares afirmaron que el personal de enfermería sí respeta sus creencias religiosas.Y, por último, en un alto porcentaje, expresaron que este personal respeta sus creencias y costumbres culturales

The cytoskeleton in cell-autonomous immunity: structural determinants of host defence

Host cells use antimicrobial proteins, pathogen-restrictive compartmentalization and cell death in their defence against intracellular pathogens. Recent work has revealed that four components of the cytoskeleton — actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments and septins, which are well known for their roles in cell division, shape and movement — have important functions in innate immunity and cellular self-defence. Investigations using cellular and animal models have shown that these cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for sensing bacteria and for mobilizing effector mechanisms to eliminate them. In this Review, we highlight the emerging roles of the cytoskeleton as a structural determinant of cell-autonomous host defence

Parkinson's Disease: Basic Pathomechanisms and a Clinical Overview

PD is a common and a debilitating degenerative movement disorder. The number of patients is increasing worldwide and as yet there is no cure for the disease. The majority of existing treatments target motor symptom control. Over the last two decades the impact of the genetic contribution to PD has been appreciated. Significant discoveries have been made, which have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiological and molecular basis of PD. In this chapter we outline current knowledge of the clinical aspects of PD and the basic mechanistic understanding

Educational Role of Nursing towards relatives of schizophrenic patients

El objetivo fue determinar el rol educativo del profesional de enfermería hacia los familiares de pacientes esquizofrénicos recluidos en el Hospital Psiquiátrico. Maracaibo, Venezuela. Septiembre 2009- Febrero 2010. El estudio fue descriptivo, con diseño transversal, con una población de 30 familiares, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de 20 ítems. El análisis e interpretación de los resultados se realizó con base a la Estadística Descriptiva. En relación a la dimensión Promoción de la Salud, se determinó, según la opinión de los familiares, que más de la mitad del personal de enfermería le ha informado sobre la enfermedad mental que padece su familiar; un alto porcentaje de la población estudiada manifestó que las carteleras que se encuentran distribuidas en el ambulatorio no ofrecen información sobre los últimos adelantos científicos en el campo de la psiquiatría; asimismo, más de la mitad de la población afirmó que durante el tiempo que permaneció de visita, el personal de enfermería no le ofreció información científica relacionada con la importancia de reconocer los síntomas de la enfermedad mental de su familiar y expresaron además que este personal sí les informó sobre el tratamiento farmacológico y los efectos que ellos producen; pero no les explicó sobre la dieta alimentaria, más de la mitad de los familiares manifestaron que el personal de enfermería no les informó sobre sus deberes y derechos. En cuanto a la dimensión Psicosocial, los familiares encuestados afirmaron que el personal de enfermería no expresó preocupación por el estado de salud de su familiar, ni les ayudó a expresar sus temores; tampoco proporcionó manifestaciones de apoyo a través del contacto físico, no demostró preocupación ni interés a sus problemas familiares. Sin embargo, se destacó la alta frecuencia de respuestas positivas en cuanto a que el personal de enfermería sí les permitió la libre expresión de sus sentimientos, se presentó por su nombre, les informó sobre los procedimientos médicos que se les realizan a su familiar, si respetan su condición social, sí ofreció información sobre los cuidados en pro de la salud de su familiar, se sienten satisfechos por la atención que recibe su familiar. Enfermería Global Nº 24 Octubre 2011 Página 95 En relación a la dimensión Necesidades Espirituales, los familiares afirmaron que el personal de enfermería sí respeta sus creencias religiosas. Y, por último, en un alto porcentaje, expresaron que este personal respeta sus creencias y costumbres culturales.ABSTRACT The core aim of the study was to determine the role of nurses’ education towards the families of schizophrenic patients at the Psychiatric Hospital. Maracaibo, Venezuela. Period: September 2009 - February 2010. The design was cross-sectional, with a target population of 30 families, who answered a questionnaire of 20 items. The analysis and interpretation of the data was based on descriptive statistics. Results: In relation to the health promotion dimension, more than half the nursing staff informed them about mental illness suffered by their relatives. A high percentage of the population studied stated that informative billboards, distributed at the hospital, did not provide information on the latest scientific advances in the field of psychiatry. In addition, more than half of the population reported that during the visits, nurses did not give them scientific information about the importance of recognizing symptoms of mental illness. Also, they expressed that the nursing staff explained to them about drug treatment and their effects, but they did not give them diet recommendations. More than half of the relatives stated that nursing staff did not inform them about patients’ rights and duties. Regarding the psychosocial dimension, respondents said that nursing staff did not notify them about the health of their patients and they did not help them to express their fears or manifestations of support through physical contact nor did they show concern or interest in their patients’ problems. However, there was a high frequency of responses stating that nursing staff did allow free expression of their feelings and provided information about medical procedures and specific measures of healthcare. They were satisfied with the healthcare provided by nurses. In relation to spiritual needs, the relatives said that the nursing staff showed respect for their religious beliefs. Finally, a high percentage of people expressed that nurses respected their beliefs and customs

High-throughput transcriptomics reveals common and strain-specific responses of human macrophages to infection with Mycobacterium abscessus Smooth and Rough variants

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) is an emerging pathogen causing pulmonary infections in those with inflammatory lung disorders, such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), and is associated with the highest fatality rate among rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM). Phenotypically, MAB manifests as either a Smooth (MAB-S) or a Rough (MAB-R) morphotype, which differ in their levels of cell wall glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) and in their pathogenicity in vivo. As one of the primary immune cells encountered by MAB, we sought to examine the early transcriptional events within macrophages, following infection with both MAB-S or MAB-R. RESULTS: We sampled the transcriptomes (mRNA and miRNA) of THP-1-derived macrophages infected with both MAB-R and MAB-S at 1, 4 and 24 h post-infection (hpi) using RNA-seq. A core set of 606 genes showed consistent expression profiles in response to both morphotypes, corresponding to the early transcriptional response to MAB. The core response is type I Interferon (IFN)-driven, involving the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways with concomitant pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and network analysis identified STAT1, EGR1, and SRC as key hub and bottleneck genes. MAB-S elicited a more robust transcriptional response at both the mRNA and miRNA levels, which was reflected in higher cytokine levels in culture supernatants. The transcriptional profiles of macrophages infected with both morphotypes were highly correlated, however, and a direct comparison identified few genes to distinguish them. Most of the induced miRNAs have previously been associated with mycobacterial infection and overall miRNA expression patterns were similarly highly correlated between the morphotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The report here details the first whole transcriptome analysis of the early macrophage response to MAB infection. The overall picture at the early stages of macrophage infection is similar to that of other mycobacteria, reflected in a core type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Large-scale transcriptional differences in the host response to the different MAB morphotypes are not evident in the early stages of infection, however the subset of genes with distinct expression profiles suggest potentially interesting differences in internal trafficking of MAB within macrophages. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2246-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits a Molecular Off Switch of the Immune System for Intracellular Survival

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) survives and multiplies inside human macrophages by subversion of immune mechanisms. Although these immune evasion strategies are well characterised functionally, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that during infection of human whole blood with M. tuberculosis, host gene transcriptional suppression, rather than activation, is the predominant response. Spatial, temporal and functional characterisation of repressed genes revealed their involvement in pathogen sensing and phagocytosis, degradation within the phagolysosome and antigen processing and presentation. To identify mechanisms underlying suppression of multiple immune genes we undertook epigenetic analyses. We identified significantly differentially expressed microRNAs with known targets in suppressed genes. In addition, after searching regions upstream of the start of transcription of suppressed genes for common sequence motifs, we discovered novel enriched composite sequence patterns, which corresponded to Alu repeat elements, transposable elements known to have wide ranging influences on gene expression. Our findings suggest that to survive within infected cells, mycobacteria exploit a complex immune “molecular off switch” controlled by both microRNAs and Alu regulatory elements

Smith-specific regulatory T cells halt the progression of lupus nephritis

Abstract Antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress pathogenic autoreactivity and are potential therapeutic candidates for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus nephritis is associated with autoreactivity to the Smith (Sm) autoantigen and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15 haplotype; hence, we investigated the potential of Sm-specific Tregs (Sm-Tregs) to suppress disease. Here we identify a HLA-DR15 restricted immunodominant Sm T cell epitope using biophysical affinity binding assays, then identify high-affinity Sm-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) using high-throughput single-cell sequencing. Using lentiviral vectors, we transduce our lead Sm-specific TCR into Tregs derived from patients with SLE who are anti-Sm and HLA-DR15 positive. Compared with polyclonal mock-transduced Tregs, Sm-Tregs potently suppress Sm-specific pro-inflammatory responses in vitro and suppress disease progression in a humanized mouse model of lupus nephritis. These results show that Sm-Tregs are a promising therapy for SLE