バースト型フォトニックネットワークにおけるバースト・アセンブルアルゴリズムを用いた波長共有方式に関する研究

電気通信大学200

Histopathological pattern of ovarian neoplasms in Sub-Himalayan belt of rural India: a four-year study from a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Ovarian tumors are one of the ubiquitous and common forms of neoplasms in women. The aim of the study was to understand the pattern of benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms and their distribution in different age groups in rural population of India.Methods: A retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology in close collaboration with Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda (HP), India. All the patients irrespective of age group who were operated for ovarian neoplasms (benign or malignant) were included in this retrospective analysis over duration of four years (2013 to 2016). “WHO classification system” was used, for classification of all these ovarian tumors. The incidence of these tumors with respect to age group was also studied.Results: During the study period (2013-2016), there were a total of 242 surgeries for ovarian neoplasms. Of these, majority of the tumours were benign 184 (76%), but an alarming number of women had malignant ovarian tumours 51 (21%), remaining 7 (3%) cases were borderline. Age wise distribution was 7% (16/242) in less than 20 years age, 19% (46/242) in 20-30 years age, 29% (69/242) in 30-40 years age group, 24% (59/242) in 40-50 years and remaining 21% (52/242) in more than 50 years age group. Pre-dominantly benign tumors were surface epithelial tumors (serous/ mucinous cystadenoma), germ cell tumors (mature cystic teratoma) and endometrioma. Major malignant tumors were surface epithelial tumors (serous/mucinous cystadeno-carcinoma), and germ cell tumors (dysgerminoma, immature teratoma).Conclusions: In this sub-Himalayan belt of rural India, the incidence of benign ovarian tumors was 76%. Borderline ovarian tumors were seen in 3% cases and the remaining 21% cases were malignant ones. Even though benign tumors were the commonest for each age group, however as the age of women increased the proportion of malignant tumors in them increased. Surface epithelial tumors are the most common class of tumors in both benign and malignant tumors. Serous cystadenoma is the most common ovarian tumor overall as well as most common benign tumor whereas serous cystadeno-carcinoma is most common malignancy. Stromal ovarian tumor (one case) is a rarity. Only one woman had bilateral ovarian tumor. 

A New Family of Dual-norm regularized pp-Wasserstein Metrics

We develop a novel family of metrics over measures, using $p$-Wasserstein style optimal transport (OT) formulation with dual-norm based regularized marginal constraints. Our study is motivated by the observation that existing works have only explored $\phi$-divergence regularized Wasserstein metrics like the Generalized Wasserstein metrics or the Gaussian-Hellinger-Kantorovich metrics. It is an open question if Wasserstein style metrics can be defined using regularizers that are not $\phi$-divergence based. Our work provides an affirmative answer by proving that the proposed formulation, under mild conditions, indeed induces valid metrics for any dual norm. The proposed regularized metrics seem to achieve the best of both worlds by inheriting useful properties from the parent metrics, viz., the $p$-Wasserstein and the dual-norm involved. For example, when the dual norm is Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), we prove that the proposed regularized metrics inherit the dimension-free sample complexity from the MMD regularizer; while preserving/enhancing other useful properties of the $p$-Wasserstein metric. Further, when $p=1$, we derive a Fenchel dual, which enables proving that the proposed metrics actually induce novel norms over measures. Also, in this case, we show that the mixture geodesic, which is a common geodesic for the parent metrics, remains a geodesic. We empirically study various properties of the proposed metrics and show their utility in diverse applications

Increased hematogones in an infant with bicytopenia and leucocytosis:a case report

Hematogones are the normal bone marrow constituents of bone marrow in children and their number decreases with age. As hematogones can resemble malignant lymphoblasts by their morphologic features and by expression of an immature B-cell phenotype, an accurate distinction of hematogone-rich lymphoid regeneration from leukemic lymphoblasts is critical for patient care. The increased number of hematogones had been reported in the bone marrow of children recovering from chemotherapy, aplastic conditions, other forms of bone marrow injury, infections like Cytomegalovirus, HIV and immune thrombocytopenia disorders. We describe here a case of one and half month old male infant with bicytopenia and leucocytosis associated with increased hematogones in the bone marrow due to an unknown probable viral infection

Neural Network Attributions: A Causal Perspective

We propose a new attribution method for neural networks developed using first principles of causality (to the best of our knowledge, the first such). The neural network architecture is viewed as a Structural Causal Model, and a methodology to compute the causal effect of each feature on the output is presented. With reasonable assumptions on the causal structure of the input data, we propose algorithms to efficiently compute the causal effects, as well as scale the approach to data with large dimensionality. We also show how this method can be used for recurrent neural networks. We report experimental results on both simulated and real datasets showcasing the promise and usefulness of the proposed algorithm.Comment: 17 pages, 10 Figures. Accepted in the Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML2019). Modifications: Added github link to code and fixed a typo in Fig.

Empirical Optimal Transport between Conditional Distributions

Given samples from two joint distributions, we consider the problem of Optimal Transportation (OT) between the corresponding distributions conditioned on a common variable. The objective of this work is to estimate the associated transport cost (Wasserstein distance) as well as the transport plan between the conditionals as a function of the conditioned value. Since matching conditional distributions is at the core of supervised training of discriminative models and (implicit) conditional-generative models, OT between conditionals has the potential to be employed in diverse machine learning applications. However, since the conditionals involved in OT are implicitly specified via the joint samples, it is challenging to formulate this problem, especially when (i) the variable conditioned on is continuous and (ii) the marginal of this variable in the two distributions is different. We overcome these challenges by employing a specific kernel MMD (Maximum Mean Discrepancy) based regularizer that ensures the marginals of our conditional transport plan are close to the conditionals specified via the given joint samples. Under mild conditions, we prove that our estimator for this regularized transport cost is statistically consistent and derive finite-sample bounds on the estimation error. Application-specific details for parameterizing our conditional transport plan are also presented. Furthermore, we empirically evaluate our methodology on benchmark datasets in applications like classification, prompt learning for few-shot classification, and conditional-generation in the context of predicting cell responses to cancer treatment

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Pyrazinamide-Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from South India

Pyrazinamide (PZA) has been in use for almost 50 years as a first-line drug for short-course chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, PCR mediated automated DNA sequencing is used to check the prevalence of PZA resistance among treatment failure cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Out of 50 clinical isolates examined, 39 had mutations in the pncA gene that encodes Pyrazinamidase, an enzyme required to activate PZA. Of these, 31 (79.5%) were localized to three regions of pncA. We found two isolates with hitherto unreported mutation at amino acid 26 (Ala→Gly) of pncA

A Critic on Real-Time Scheduling Strategies

The present scenario of the computing era isdominated by the real-time systems. The real-time systemsare gaining popularity in the field of job scheduling as bothuni-processor and multi-processor architectures to satisfythe requirements of time-constrained applications like flightcontrols, avionics, multimedia data streaming, etc. Theapplication areas are also growing by huge amounts due toincreasing human dependency on machines. Hence tobalance between ever-increasing needs and exponentiallyrisingoverheads; the necessity of new approaches, which canensure the best results not only limited to reliable logicalresults but also acceptable temporal results too, is expectedto increase. This paper reviews various existing schedulingalgorithms suggesting further dissimilar techniques andendeavors to compare and suggest which approach best suitswhich scenarios based on their primary pluses

Myxopapillary ependymoma: Lesser known cytomorphologic features

Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a rare and distinctive tumor which occurs in the sacrococcygeal area of young adults and children, often intradural in location. Histopathologic features have been well-described in the literature whereas cytological findings have been sporadically reported by various authors mainly as case reports. We report the features of a primary sacrococcygeal MPE on aspirate cytology in a 45-year-old female. Cytology smears displayed a papillary pattern with the presence of fibrovascular cores, rimmed by cuboidal to columnar cells sending fibrillary cytoplasmic processes forming pseudorosettes along with the presence of hyaline globules, and myxoid material. Intranuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves, cytologic atypia or mitotic activity was not evident, in this case. MPEs need to be differentiated from the other tumors occurring in this location which may also show myxoid material and papillary fronds. Hence, the recognition of the characteristic cytologic features plays an important role in establishing a preoperative diagnosis

Tubulopapillary hidradenoma: A rare case with cytohistopathological correlation

Tubulopapillary hidradenoma is a rare adnexal neoplasm with only a few cases reported in literature. The tumor shows a female predominance with a wide age range and presents as a well-defined, non-tender nodule most often located on the scalp. Review of the literature yielded no fine-needle aspiration reports of the cytological features of the tumor. We report a rare case of tubulopapillary hidradenoma in a 30-year-old male, presenting with a scalp swelling. The cytomorphological features are described in detail with histopathological correlation