PROBLEMS RELATED TO PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT OR DISORDERS IN REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

In this article distinctive features related to the characteristic of children with hearing disorders due to story perception, teachers’ awareness level of research results related to mentioned problems, and some cultivated and justified approaches are presented. All researches are implemented in Republic of Armenian Tigranyan No 14 special school.In this article distinctive features related to the characteristic of children with hearing disorders due to story perception, teachers’ awareness level of research results related to mentioned problems, and some cultivated and justified approaches are presented. All researches are implemented in Republic of Armenian Tigranyan No 14 special school

Experimental study of photon beam polarimeter based on nuclear e+e- pair production in an amorphous target

The experimental method of the linearly polarized photons polarimetry,using incoherent e+e- pair production process has been investigated on the beam of coherent bremsstrahlung (CB) photons in the energy range of 0.9-1.1 GeV at the Yerevan synchrotron.Comment: 6 pages (text),10 figure

Entangled light in transition through the generation threshold

We investigate continuous variable entangling resources on the base of two-mode squeezing for all operational regimes of a nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator with allowance for quantum noise of arbitrary level. The results for the quadrature variances of a pair of generated modes are obtained by using the exact steady-state solution of Fokker-Planck equation for the complex P-quasiprobability distribution function. We find a simple expression for the squeezed variances in the near-threshold range and conclude that the maximal two-mode squeezing reaches 50% relative to the level of vacuum fluctuations and is achieved at the pump field intensity close to the generation threshold. The distinction between the degree of two-mode squeezing for monostable and bistable operational regimes is cleared up.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures; Content changed: more details added to the discussion. To be published in Phys. Rev.

High-throughput screening for industrial enzyme production hosts by droplet microfluidics

A high-throughput method for single cell screening by microfluidic droplet sorting is applied to a whole-genome mutated yeast cell library yielding improved production hosts of secreted industrial enzymes. The sorting method is validated by enriching a yeast strain 14 times based on its a-amylase production, close to the theoretical maximum enrichment. Furthermore, a 105 member yeast cell library is screened yielding a clone with a more than 2-fold increase in a-amylase production. The increase in enzyme production results from an improvement of the cellular functions of the production host in contrast to previous droplet-based directed evolution that has focused on improving enzyme protein structure. In the workflow presented, enzyme producing single cells are encapsulated in 20 pL droplets with a fluorogenic reporter substrate. The coupling of a desired phenotype (secreted enzyme concentration) with the genotype (contained in the cell) inside a droplet enables selection of single cells with improved enzyme production capacity by droplet sorting. The platform has a throughput over 300 times higher than that of the current industry standard, an automated microtiter plate screening system. At the same time, reagent consumption for a screening experiment is decreased a million fold, greatly reducing the costs of evolutionary engineering of production strains

Extrafocal transcutaneous transpedicular fixation as the stage of surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the spine

Trachelokyphosis and hematogenous osteomielitis of the spine are common and crippling diseases, in most cases leading to disability. Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the spine is a rather complicated problem due to the fact that often in the postoperative period, an increase in spinal deformity, fracture and resorption of the transplants, festering in the area of plastics. The basis of modern surgical treatment of tuberculosis spondylitis (Pott's disease) is a radical reconstruction of the spine, including the complete removal of the damaged vertebral body abscesses, anterior decompression of the spinal cord and anterior spinal fusion The goal was to analyze the short - and long-term results of open and minimally invasive transpedicular fixation of thoracic and lumbar spine in inflammatory diseases of the spine.The material of this work based on 65 cases with tuberculosis spondylitis (Pott's disease) and nonspecific spondylitis of thoracic and lumbar segments of spine, operated in 2008-2010. In to the main group 35 patients were involved with single and double lower thoracic spine and lumbar spine lesions at the age of 25 to 70 years after surgery with minimally invasive transcutaneous transpedicular fixation (TTF). The control group included 30 patients with tuberculosis spondylitis (Pott's disease) of the thoracic and lumbar segments of spine with conventional open transpedicular internal fixation (TIF). Conclusion. Minimally invasive technology can reduce the period of preparation for surgery in patients with concomitant somatic pathology, reduce operational manuals and traumatic blood loss, trauma of a large array of soft tissue, to provide early mobilization patients despite the severity of degradation of the spine and to ensure good quality of life for a period of prolonged antibiotic and / or anti-tuberculosis therapy.Туберкулезный спондилит и гематогенный остеомиелитпозвоночника до настоящего времени остаются распространенными и калечащими заболеваниями, в большинстве случаев ведущими к инвалидности. Хирургическое лечение воспалительных заболеваний позвоночника до настоящего времени представляет достаточно сложную проблему в связи с тем, что нередко в послеоперационном периоде наблюдается увеличение деформации позвоночника, резорбция и перелом трансплантатов, нагноение в зоне пластики. Основу современного хирургического лечения туберкулезного спондилита составляет радикальная реконструкция позвоночника, включающая полное удаление разрушенных тел позвонков, абсцессов, переднюю декомпрессию спинного мозга и передний спондилодез.Цель исследования: анализ ближайших и отдаленных результатов применения открытой и малоинвазивной транспедикулярной фиксации грудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника при воспалительных заболеваниях позвоночника. Материалом для настоящей работы послужили исследования историй болезней 65 пациентов с туберкулезным и неспецифическим спондилитом грудных и поясничных сегментов, оперированных в период с 2008 по 2010 годы. В основную группу включены 35 больных с одно- и двухсегментарным поражением нижнегрудного и поясничного отделов позвоночника в возрасте от 25 до 70 лет, оперированных с применением минимально-инвазивной транскутанной транспедикулярной фиксации (ТТФ). В группу контроля включены 30 пациентов с туберкулезным спондилитом грудных и поясничных сегментов с применением традиционной открытой внутренней транспедикулярной фиксацией (ОТФ).Заключение. Минимально-инвазивная технология позволяет сократить период подготовки к операции у пациентов с сопутствующей соматической патологией, снизить травматичность оперативного пособия и кровопотерю.травматизацию большого массива мягких тканей, обеспечить раннюю активизацию пациента несмотря на выраженность деструкции позвоночника и обеспечить приемлемое качество жизни на период длительной антибактериальной и/или противотуберкулёзной терапии

The role of the out-patient hysteroscopy in treatment of patients with submucous fibroid

A new operating procedure of G0 submucous fibroid was developed based on the analysis of 39 office hysteroscopic myomectomies performed with small-diameter hysteroscope (4-5 mm) and diode laser. To conduct comparative analysis of the suggested and conventional technique of myomectomy patients were subdivided into 2 main groups and one control group, each group consisted of 13 individuals. The usage of the suggested technique during the surgery, as compared to the conventional techniques of myomectomies, made it possible to reduce the duration of the surgery, to decrease intraoperative blood loss, and to avoid traumatization of the cervix uteri.На основании анализа 39 амбулаторных гистероскопических миомэктомий, выполненных гистероскопом малого диаметра (4-5 мм) и диодным лазером, разработана методика операции при субмукозной миоме 0 типа. Для проведения сравнительного анализа предложенной и традиционной методик миомэктомии пациентки были разделены на 2 основные и 1 контрольную группу, по 13 пациенток в каждой. Проведение операции по предложенной методике позволило уменьшить продолжительность оперативного вмешательства и снизить интраоперационную кровопотерю, в сравнении с традиционными методами миомэктомии, а так же избежать травматизации шейки матки

Adjuvant TACE inhibitor treatment improves the outcome of TLR2(-/- )mice with experimental pneumococcal meningitis

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae meningitis has a high lethality despite antibiotic treatment. Inflammation is a major pathogenetic factor, which is unresponsive to antibiotics. Therefore adjunctive therapies with antiinflammatory compounds have been developed. TNF484 is a TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitor and has been found efficacious in experimental meningitis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) contributes to host response in pneumococcal meningitis by enhancing bacterial clearing and downmodulating inflammation. In this study, TNF484 was applied in mice, which lacked TLR2 and exhibited a strong meningeal inflammation. METHODS: 10(3 )CFU S. pneumoniae serotype 3 was inoculated subarachnoidally into C57BL/6 wild type (wt) mice or TLR2(-/-), CD14(-/- )and CD14(-/-)/TLR2(-/- )mice. Severity of disease and survival was followed over 9 days. Response to antibiotics (80 mg/kg ceftriaxone i.p. for 5 days) and/or TACE inhibitor treatment (1 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for 4 days) was evaluated. Animals were sacrificed after 12, 24, and 48 h for analysis of bacterial load in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain and for TNF and leukocyte measurements in CSF. RESULTS: TLR2(-/- )mice were significantly sicker than the other mouse strains 24 h after infection. All knockout mice showed higher disease severity after 48 h and died earlier than wt mice. TNF release into CSF was significantly more elevated in TLR2(-/- )than in the other strains after 24 h. Brain bacterial numbers were significantly higher in all knockout than wt mice after 24 h. Modulation of outcome by antibiotic and TACE inhibitor treatment was evaluated. With antibiotic therapy all wt, CD14(-/- )and TLR2(-/-)/CD14(-/- )mice, but only 79% of TLR2(-/- )mice, were rescued. TACE inhibitor treatment alone did not rescue, but prolonged survival in wt mice, and in TLR2(-/- )and CD14(-/- )mice to the values observed in untreated wt mice. By combined antibiotic and TACE inhibitor treatment 95% of TLR2(-/- )mice were rescued. CONCLUSION: During pneumococcal meningitis strong inflammation in TLR2-deficiency was associated with incomplete responsiveness to antibiotics and complete response to combined antibiotic and TACE inhibitor treatment. TACE inhibitor treatment offers a promising adjuvant therapeutic strategy in pneumococcal meningitis

MARCO, TLR2, and CD14 Are Required for Macrophage Cytokine Responses to Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Virtually all of the elements of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production, granuloma formation, cachexia, and mortality, can be induced by its predominant cell wall glycolipid, trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM/cord factor). TDM mediates these potent inflammatory responses via interactions with macrophages both in vitro and in vivo in a myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent manner via phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), implying involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, specific TLRs or binding receptors for TDM have yet to be identified. Herein, we demonstrate that the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), a class A scavenger receptor, is utilized preferentially to “tether” TDM to the macrophage and to activate the TLR2 signaling pathway. TDM-induced signaling, as measured by a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-luciferase reporter assay, required MARCO in addition to TLR2 and CD14. MARCO was used preferentially over the highly homologous scavenger receptor class A (SRA), which required TLR2 and TLR4, as well as their respective accessory molecules, in order for a slight increase in NF-κB signaling to occur. Consistent with these observations, macrophages from MARCO−/− or MARCO−/−SRA−/− mice are defective in activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to TDM. These results show that MARCO-expressing macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to TDM by cooperation between MARCO and TLR2/CD14, whereas other macrophage subtypes (e.g. bone marrow–derived) may rely somewhat less effectively on SRA, TLR2/CD14, and TLR4/MD2. Macrophages from MARCO−/− mice also produce markedly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infection with virulent Mtb. These observations identify the scavenger receptors as essential binding receptors for TDM, explain the differential response to TDM of various macrophage populations, which differ in their expression of the scavenger receptors, and identify MARCO as a novel component required for TLR signaling

Mycobacterial PIMs Inhibit Host Inflammatory Responses through CD14-Dependent and CD14-Independent Mechanisms

Mycobacteria develop strategies to evade the host immune system. Among them, mycobacterial LAM or PIMs inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages. Here, using synthetic PIM analogues, we analyzed the mode of action of PIM anti-inflammatory effects. Synthetic PIM1 isomer and PIM2 mimetic potently inhibit TNF and IL-12 p40 expression induced by TLR2 or TLR4 pathways, but not by TLR9, in murine macrophages. We show inhibition of LPS binding to TLR4/MD2/CD14 expressing HEK cells by PIM1 and PIM2 analogues. More specifically, the binding of LPS to CD14 was inhibited by PIM1 and PIM2 analogues. CD14 was dispensable for PIM1 and PIM2 analogues functional inhibition of TLR2 agonists induced TNF, as shown in CD14-deficient macrophages. The use of rough-LPS, that stimulates TLR4 pathway independently of CD14, allowed to discriminate between CD14-dependent and CD14-independent anti-inflammatory effects of PIMs on LPS-induced macrophage responses. PIM1 and PIM2 analogues inhibited LPS-induced TNF release by a CD14-dependent pathway, while IL-12 p40 inhibition was CD14-independent, suggesting that PIMs have multifold inhibitory effects on the TLR4 signalling pathway