Los clubes futbolísticos del astillero: un análisis antropológico / The football clubs of the shipyard: an anthropological analysis.

El objetivo de este artículo es profundizar sobre los clubes futbolísticos del astillero desde una perspectiva antropológica. La antropología del deporte ha tenido varias etapas en su desarrollo histórico. El deporte en la actualidad ha llegado a convertirse en un fenómeno alegórico sociocultural en los grupos humanos. Concretamente el fútbol se ha convertido en el deporte con mayor audiencia, seguidores y practicantes en todo el mundo. En esta investigación, se empleó el método etnográfico para la descripción-interpretación de los fenómenos socioculturales y contextuales del fútbol como lenguaje universal simbólico en los clubes del astillero. Este método posibilitó la recolección de datos y determinación de los puntos de encuentro de las personas implicadas e identificación de las normas a considerar en la investigación. Los resultados del estudio antropológico brindaron elementos esenciales que se manifiestan, concretamente los partidos, en torno a un campeonato nacional de fútbol. En la observación realizada se pudieron constatar varias manifestaciones ideológicas, la gestualidad codificada de los diferentes grupos y expresiones populares. Estas últimas son objeto de debate con un fin específico ya sea político, religioso, deportivo, entre otros. Como consecuencia el estudio antropológico de los clubes del astillero tienes varios aspectos que deben ser estudiados por la antropología, dada su función sociocultural al ser un deporte que moviliza grupos humanos por considerarse una pasión universal. Abstract The objective of this article is to deepen on the football clubs of the shipyard from an anthropological perspective. The anthropology of sport has had several stages in its historical development. Sport today has become an allegorical sociocultural phenomenon in human groups. Specifically, soccer has become the sport with the largest audience, followers and practitioners around the world. In this research, the ethnographic method was used for the description-interpretation of the socio-cultural and contextual phenomena of soccer as a symbolic universal language in the clubs of the shipyard. This method enabled the collection of data and determination of the meeting points of the people involved and identification of the rules to be considered in the investigation. The results of the anthropological study provided essential elements that are manifested, specifically the parties, around a national football championship. In the observation made several ideological manifestations could be verified, the coded gestures of the different groups and popular expressions. The latter are the subject of debate with a specific purpose whether political, religious, sports, among others. As a result, the anthropological study of shipyard clubs has several aspects that should be studied by anthropology, given its sociocultural role to be a sport that mobilizes human groups to consider a universal passion

Medición y modelamiento del rango de frecuencias asignado a radiodifusión fm de la banda vhf (88-108 mhz) del espectro radioeléctrico en escenario interior de un edificio en el centro de Guayaquil

En la actualidad, el espectro radioeléctrico se ha visto afectado por la gran demanda de dispositivos inteligentes así como de otras tecnologías inalámbricas, debido a que existe una determinada cantidad de ancho de banda para cada servicio de telecomunicaciones. Una de estas tecnologías es 4g-lte, la cual necesita un mayor ancho de banda que sus predecesores a fin de obtener un mejor servicio con mayor calidad y cobertura. por este motivo el organismo regulador conatel (arcotel) reasignó la banda de 700 mhz a la operadora CNT para brindar este servicio.GuayaquilIngeniero en Electrónica y Telecomunicacione

Association of vaccine stockout with immunisation coverage in low-income and middle-income countries: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives This study investigated the association between vaccine stockout and immunisation coverage, and infant/under 5 mortality rates.Design A retrospective cohort study.Setting Low-income and middle-income countries.Participants A cohort of 131 low-income and middle-income countries from 2004 to 2019.Primary outcome measures Main outcomes included immunisation coverages of (1) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis containing vaccine (DTP), (2) measles containing vaccine (MCV), (3) BCG and (4) oral polio vaccine (OPV). We also included infant and under 5 mortality rates as secondary outcomes.Results The countries that experienced national-level stockouts of DTP and MCV had 3.7 and 4 percentage points lower coverage rates of DTP3 and MCV1, respectively, compared with the countries without the stockout events (p<0.01). Moreover, the statistically significant differences in the immunisation coverage rates across the countries with and without the stockout events are 2.4 percentage points and 2.6 percentage points for BCG and OPV, respectively (p<0.01).Conclusion Our findings show that the incidence of vaccine stockout events is associated with the decreased immunisation coverages for children in low-income and middle-income countries. However, we did not observe a statistically significant association between the increasing frequency of vaccine stockout and infant and under 5 mortality rates

Shortages of benzathine penicillin for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis: An evaluation from multi-country surveys and stakeholder interviews

<div><p>Background</p><p>Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the only recommended treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis. Due to recent reports of country-level shortages of BPG, an evaluation was undertaken to quantify countries that have experienced shortages in the past 2 years and to describe factors contributing to these shortages.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>Country-level data about BPG shortages were collected using 3 survey approaches. First, a survey designed by the WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research was distributed to 41 countries and territories in the Americas and 41 more in Africa. Second, WHO conducted an email survey of 28 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention country directors. An additional 13 countries were in contact with WHO for related congenital syphilis prevention activities and also reported on BPG shortages. Third, the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) collected data from 14 countries (where it has active operations) to understand the extent of stock-outs, in-country purchasing, usage behavior, and breadth of available purchasing options to identify stock-outs worldwide. CHAI also conducted in-person interviews in the same 14 countries to understand the extent of stock-outs, in-country purchasing and usage behavior, and available purchasing options. CHAI also completed a desk review of 10 additional high-income countries, which were also included. BPG shortages were attributable to shortfalls in supply, demand, and procurement in the countries assessed. This assessment should not be considered globally representative as countries not surveyed may also have experienced BPG shortages. Country contacts may not have been aware of BPG shortages when surveyed or may have underreported medication substitutions due to desirability bias. Funding for the purchase of BPG by countries was not evaluated. In all, 114 countries and territories were approached to provide information on BPG shortages occurring during 2014–2016. Of unique countries and territories, 95 (83%) responded or had information evaluable from public records. Of these 95 countries and territories, 39 (41%) reported a BPG shortage, and 56 (59%) reported no BPG shortage; 10 (12%) countries with and without BPG shortages reported use of antibiotic alternatives to BPG for treatment of maternal syphilis. Market exits, inflexible production cycles, and minimum order quantities affect BPG supply. On the demand side, inaccurate forecasts and sole sourcing lead to under-procurement. Clinicians may also incorrectly prescribe BPG substitutes due to misperceptions of quality or of the likelihood of adverse outcomes.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Targets for improvement include drug forecasting and procurement, and addressing provider reluctance to use BPG. Opportunities to improve global supply, demand, and use of BPG should be prioritized alongside congenital syphilis elimination efforts.</p></div

List of indicators and sources used in BPG country surveys.

<p>List of indicators and sources used in BPG country surveys.</p

Identified drivers of BPG stock-outs across the value chain.

<p>*API, active pharmaceutical ingredient; BPG, benzathine penicillin G; FDF, final dose formulator; GMP, Good Manufacturing Practice.</p

Number of countries included in surveys reporting BPG shortage and/or medication substitution for treatment of maternal syphilis.

<p>Number of countries included in surveys reporting BPG shortage and/or medication substitution for treatment of maternal syphilis.</p

Select responses from providers describing barriers to administration of BPG.

<p>Select responses from providers describing barriers to administration of BPG.</p

Countries with reported shortages of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) during 2014–2016.

<p>Countries with reported shortages of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) during 2014–2016.</p

Impact of market shocks on supply in the complex benzathine penicillin market.

<p>API, active pharmaceutical ingredient; FDF, final dose formulator; NGO, non-governmental organization.</p