81 research outputs found
Complementariedad entre la I+D interna y la cooperación en I+D en el contexto de las oportunidades tecnológicas españolas
En este trabajo analizamos la existencia de complementariedad entre el desarrollo interno de I+D y los acuerdos de cooperación en I+D de las empresas innovadoras de manufacturas. El análisis es realizado en el contexto de las oportunidades tecnológicas españolas (industriales y no industriales) y de los mecanismos de protección (legales y estratégicos). La base de datos utilizada es la Community Innovation Survey, referida a la economía española, y la técnica de regresión empleada ha sido la Corrección de Heckman en dos etapas. Los resultados señalan que existen evidencias de sustitución entre la I+D interna y los acuerdos de cooperación en I+D, las oportunidades tecnológicas no industriales y los mecanismos de protección estratégicos no ejercen influencia estadística sobre el desempeño innovador de las empresas. Asimismo, encontramos que las oportunidades tecnológicas no industriales incrementan la probabilidad de innovar de las empresas. Por el contrario, las oportunidades tecnológicas industriales no influyen sobre la probabilidad de innovar de las empresas, pero sí lo hacen sobre su desempeño innovadorIn this paper, we analyze the existence of complementarity between the internal R&D activities and the R&D cooperative agreements of Spanish innovative manufacturing firms. This analysis is conducted concerning to the context of technological opportunities (industrial and nonindustrial) and companies’ protection mechanisms (legal and strategic). The database used is the Community Innovation Survey referring to the Spanish economy. The discussion about the results is performed once the coefficients have been obtained by the Heckman correction method. The results indicate evidence of substitutability between internal R&D and R&D cooperation, and non-industrial technological opportunities and strategic protection mechanisms have no influence on innovation output. In addition, we found that non-industrial technological opportunities increase the probability of innovation in companies, although they have no influence on their innovative performance. In contrast, industrial technological opportunities do not contribute to increasing the likelihood
of innovation, but influence their innovative performance.Neste artigo analisamos a existência de complementaridade entre o desenvolvimento interno de P&D e os acordos de cooperação em P&D das empresas industriais inovadoras. A análise é feita no contexto das oportunidades tecnológicas espanholas (industriais e não industriais) e dos mecanismos de proteção (legais e estratégicos). O banco de dados utilizado é o Community Innovation Survey, baseada na economia espanhola, ea técnica de regressão empregada é a correção de Heckman em dois estágios. Os resultados mostram que há evidencias de substituibilidade entre a P&D interna e os acordos de cooperação em P&D e que as oportunidades tecnológicas não-industriais e os mecanismos estratégicos de proteção não mostram nenhuma influência estatística sobre o desempenho inovador das empresas. Nós também achamos que as oportunidades tecnológicas não industriais aumentam a probabilidade de innovar das empresas. Por outro lado, as oportunidades tecnológicas industriais não têm efeito sobre a probabilidade de inovar das empresas, mas elas mostram influência sobre o desempenho inovador.peerReviewe
Assessing the relationship between R&D subsidy, R&D cooperation and absorptive capacity: an investigation on the manufacturing Spanish case
Private companies want to eliminate outgoing spillovers while policymakers seek to maximize them. With subsidized R&D cooperation agreements both agents partially achieve their objectives. For this reason, in Europe, policymakers grant subsidies for R&D activities with the condition of establishing R&D cooperation agreements. This study explores the relationship of complementarity between R&D subsidy, R&D cooperation and absorptive capacity in the context of its contribution to labor productivity of enterprises. The data used comes from the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC), managed by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. We selected manufacturing companies in the period 2008–2013. We evaluate the existence of complementarity through the systems approach and the interaction approach. The econometric technique that we used to estimate the coefficients of our empirical model was maximum-likelihood random effects. As a consequence of the low absorptive capacity of Spanish manufacturing firms we find that R&D subsidies and R&D cooperation agreements are not complementary variables, i.e., receiving public subsidies as a result of establishing R&D cooperation agreements has a lower impact on productivity than the sum of the individual impacts of R&D cooperation and R&D subsidies. In consequence, this result calls into question the convenience of using subsidized R&D cooperation agreements as a tool for promoting innovation in EU countries as there are notable differences between the companies in these countries in terms of absorption capacity
Strategy, labor relations and multinational corporations
En este estudio, se exponen y describen las principales estrategias de las empresas multinacionales. Sobre este particular, constatamos que las empresas que siguen una estrategia global o transnacional suelen llevar a cabo inversiones directas en el extranjero de naturaleza vertical, mientras que las que siguen una estrategia multidoméstica realizan inversiones directas en el extranjero de naturaleza horizontal. Ambas estructuras ofrecen fortalezas y debilidades a las empresas, ya las fuerzas organizadas del trabajo (sindicatos) en sus procesos de confrontación y negociación. Según lo que se ha venido denominando globalización de la economía, analizamos los márgenes de maniobrabilidad de ambos contendientesy concluimos que la globalización ha favorecido en gran medida los intereses de las empresas multinacionales.Este estudo analisa as principais estratégias que implementam as empresas multinacionais. Na análise, constatamos que as empresas que seguem uma estratégia global ou multinacional realizam investimentos directos do tipo vertical no estrangeiro, enquanto as que seguem uma estratégia multidoméstica realizam investimentos directos e horizontais no estrangeiro. Ambas estruturas têm pontos fortes e fracos para as empresas e para as forças organizadas em sindicatos, em seus processos de confrontação e negociação. À luz do que se denomina globalização da economia, analisamos as margens de trabalho das partes, e concluímos que a globalização tem favorecido, em grande parte, os interesses das empresas multinacionais.In this study, we analyze the main strategies used by multinational companies. In our analysis, we found that companies using a global or transnational strategy usually make vertical foreign direct investments, while those with a multi-domestic strategy make horizontal foreign direct investments. Both structures have strengths and weaknesses for companies and labor unions in terms of confrontation and negotiation. According to the definition of economic globalization, we analyzed the operating margins of both strategies, and we concluded that globalization has greatly favored the interests of multinational corporations
Estratégia, relações laborais e empresas multinacionais
En este estudio, se exponen y describen las principales estrategias de las empresas multinacionales. Sobre este particular, constatamos que las empresas que siguen una estrategia global o transnacional suelen llevar a cabo inversiones directas en el extranjero de naturaleza vertical, mientras que las que siguen una estrategia multidoméstica realizan inversiones directas en el extranjero de naturaleza horizontal. Ambas estructuras ofrecen fortalezas y debilidades a las empresas, y a las fuerzas organizadas del trabajo (sindicatos) en sus procesos de confrontación y negociación. Según lo que se ha venido denominando globalización de la economía, analizamos los márgenes de maniobrabilidad de ambos contendientes y concluimos que la globalización ha favorecido en gran medida los intereses de las empresas multinacionales.In this study, we analyze the main strategies used by multinational companies. In our analysis, we found that companies using a global or transnational strategy usually make vertical foreign direct investments, while those with a multi-domestic strategy make horizontal foreign direct investments. Both structures have strengths and weaknesses for companies and labor unions in terms of confrontation and negotiation. According to the definition of economic globalization, we analyzed the operating margins of both strategies, and we concluded that globalization has greatly favored the interests of multinational corporations.Este estudo analisa as principais estrategias que implementam as empresas multinacionais. Na analise, constatamos que as empresas que seguem uma estrategia global ou multinacional realizam investimentos directos do tipo vertical no estrangeiro, enquanto as que seguem uma estrategia multidomestica realizam investimentos directos e horizontais no estrangeiro. Ambas estruturas tem pontos fortes e fracos para as empresas e para as forcas organizadas em sindicatos, em seus procesos de confrontacao e negociacao. A luz do que se denomina globalizacao da economia, analisamos as margens de trabalho das partes, e concluimos que a globalizacao tem favorecido, em grande parte, os interesses das empresas multinacionais.peerReviewe
Innovation, productive capacity, training and productivity
Este estudio analiza la relación entre productividad laboral, innovación radical, innovación incremental, tecnología incorporada en maquinaria y equipos, utilización de la capacidad productiva y formación. Los datos utilizados son de empresas españolas, manufactureras y de servicios, procedentes de la Business Environment and enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). La técnica empleada para estimar los coeficientes del modelo es la regresión mínimo cuadrática ordinaria, ya que la variable dependiente (productividad laboral) es continua. Los resultados indican que la innovación radical y la formación influyen positiva y significativamente sobre la productividad laboral. La influencia de la tecnología incorporada también es significativa, pero de signo negativo. Finalmente, señalar que las empresas que más exportan y las de mayor tamaño alcanzan mayores niveles de productividad. Los hallazgos encontrados en este estudio tienen implicaciones para los responsables de la política económica. Los decisores políticos españoles deben promover y subsidiar la adquisición de maquinaria y equipos más eficientes para las empresas que alcanzan menores niveles de productividad, así como subsidiar la formación de trabajadores cualificados en el manejo de estos nuevos equipos. Además, también deben promover y subsidiar el desarrollo de actividades de elevado contenido en I+D para las empresas que consiguen elevados niveles de productividad, a fin de que incrementen su desempeño en innovación radical. La promoción y subsidiación de programas de formación relacionados con la I+D también resulta esencial en este tipo de empresas, máxime en un escenario caracterizado por un cambio tecnológico intenso y que se produce con gran rapidez.This study analyzes the relationship between labor productivity, radical innovation, incremental innovation, embodied technology in machinery and equipment, utilization of production capacity and training. The data used are from Spanish companies, manufacturing and services, and have been collected by the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS). The technique used to estimate the coefficients of the model is the ordinary least square regression, since the dependent variable (labor productivity) is continuous. The results indicate that radical innovation and training have a significant positive impact on labor productivity. The influence of embodied technology is also significant, but of negative sign. Finally, note that the companies that export and larger achieve higher levels of productivity. The findings of this study have implications for responsible for economic policy. Spanish policy makers should promote and subsidize the purchase of machinery and equipment more efficient for companies that achieve lower levels of productivity, and subsidize the training of workers in the management of these new equipments. They must also promote and subsidize the development of activities high in R&D for companies that achieve high levels of productivity, to increase their performance in radical innovation. The promotion and subsidization of training programs related to R&D is also essential in this type of companies, especially in a scenario characterized by an intense and rapid technological change.peerReviewe
Coexistence of public support programs for innovation in Spain
En España cuatro programas de ayuda a la innovación asignan recursos públicos simultáneamente (agencias de innovación regionales, agencia de innovación estatal, agencia de innovación europea y Programa Marco). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la aplicación en España del principio de subsidiaridad en la asignación de recursos públicos a la innovación. Para ello, se analiza el grado de coexistencia de estos cuatro programas, a partir del análisis de las correlaciones de los residuos procedentes de las cuatro regresiones en las que estos programas son, respectivamente, la variable dependiente. Este análisis se conoce como “enfoque de adopción”. Los datos utilizados proceden de Panel de Innovación Tecnológica 2010, la parte española del panel europeo Community Innovation Survey. El análisis constata que el grado de coexistencia entre las dos agencias españolas es muy elevado. Lo mismo ocurre entre las dos agencias de ámbito europeo. Sin embargo, el grado de coexistencia entre las agencias europeas y entre las agencias españolas es mucho menor. La principal conclusión es que las relaciones entre las agencias europeas y españolas cumplen con el principio de subsidiaridad y que las relaciones entre las dos agencias españolas y entre las dos agencias europeas no cumplen este principio.In Spain four support programs for innovation allocate public resources (Regional innovation agencies, State innovation agency, European innovation agency and Framework programme). The aim of this study is to analyze whether in Spain is applied the principle of subsidiarity in the allocation of public resources to innovation. To this end, we analyze the degree of coexistence of these four programs, from the analysis of correlations of residuals resulting from the four regressions in which these programs are, respectively, the dependent variable. This analysis is known as “adoption approach”. The data are from Technological Innovation Panel 2010, the Spanish panel part of the European Community Innovation Survey. We find that the degree of en coexistence between the two Spanish agencies is very high. The same happens between the two agencies at European level. However, the degree of coexistence between European level agencies and between Spanish level agencies is much less. The main conclusion is that relations between European and Spanish agencies comply with the principle of subsidiarity and that relations between the two Spanish and between the two European agencies do not comply with this principle.peerReviewe
Exploring the complementarity between foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity
This study analyzes the complementarity of foreign technology acquired under license agreements, technology embedded in machinery and equipment and increase in a company’s productive capacity. We use panel data on Brazilian manufacturing companies from the World Bank Surveys. We used the random effects models, estimated by maximum likelihood. The results indicate that foreign technology, embedded technology and increase of productive capacity have a positive and significant impact on labor productivity. The complementarity test reveals that the relationship between the two technologies analyzed is conditionally substitutive and that the relationship between each of these technologies and increase of productive capacity is conditionally complementary.Junta de Extremadura | Ref. GR1809
Relations between technological and non-technological innovations in the service sector
In the economic literature, there is a debate on whether technological and non-technological innovations share the same determinants. As a result of this debate, two opposing views have emerged: the distinctive view argues that the determinants of both technologies are different; on the contrary, the integrative view considers that both types of technologies share determinants. The main objective that we pursue in this study is to test which of the two views is prevalent in the service sector of the Spanish economy. Analyses were performed using data from Spanish Technological Innovation Panel for the period 2008–2012. To perform hypothesis tests, the approach of complementarity was used. Our findings indicate that neither of the two approaches has been fully accredited, although the distinctive view is more prevalent. However, this radiography of relations tells us that companies can achieve further increases in productivity if technological innovation and non-technological innovation are implemented simultaneously
The contribution of technological and non-technological innovation to environmental performance. An analysis with a complementary approach
In this study, we pursue two objectives. First, we analyse the influence of product, process, and non-technological innovation on environmental performance. Second, we explore the existence of complementarities or substitutabilities between the different combinations of these three types of innovations to learn which combinations improve or worsen environmental performance. The analyses were performed using data from the 2013 Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for Spanish manufacturing companies. We use the two-stage least-squares method as an instrumental variable estimator, which allows us to control the endogeneity and obtain consistent estimators. Our findings indicate that product innovation and process innovation have a negative influence on environmental performance. Likewise, we have also found that the simultaneous implementation of product innovation and process innovation is unconditionally substitutive and that the joint implementation of process innovation and non-technological innovation is conditionally substitutive. This result reinforces the position of those researchers who have pointed out that the association between a greater technology orientation and a better firm environmental performance is probably too simplistic. Finally, it should be emphasized that only non-technological innovation contributes to achieving better environmental performance and that the joint implementation of product innovation and non-technology innovation is conditionally complementary.Junta de Extremadura | Ref. GR1809
Exploration, exploitation, and firm age in alliance portfolios
We analyzed the relationship between exploration-oriented and exploration-oriented alliances. Through the complementarity approach, three possible relationships were analyzed: complementarity, substitutability, and no relationship. We use Technological Innovation Panel data for Spanish manufacturing firms for 2005–2013. The econometric technique that we used to estimate the coefficients was population-averaged OLS. Our findings suggest that alliance portfolios formed by exploration-oriented and exploration-oriented alliances achieve worse innovation performance than specialized exploration or exploitation portfolios. In addition, we found that a single class of alliance has different impacts on innovation performance depending on whether it is implemented by a young company or a mature company
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