Complete Scheme for Fullerene, Graphene, and Soot Formation in Flame

Soot formation processes have been studied for more than 100 years, they include empirical and phenomenological description of conversion of various fuels to soot particles. This article provides an overview of current state of soot formation foundations, including the chemistry of soot nucleation, nucleation, mass growth as well as size of soot particles. Consideration of this issue shows that a great progress has been made, but there is still a lot of ambiguity in many areas of our knowledge. This concerns the role of aromatic molecules and radicals in nucleation and subsequent growth mass in laminar pre-mixed flames. Along with environmental problems, in recent time there are considered soot particles as an environment for nanomaterial synthesis, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphenes. In this regard, a complete scheme of nanomaterials formation in mode of soot formation has been developed

Overcarbonised Adsorptive – Catalytic Systems

With the use of the electron microscopy and X-ray analysis the regularities of carbon sediments formationat methane and propane pyrolysis on zeolites, Kazakhstan natural clays, chrome and bauxite sludges, which contain metal oxides of iron subgroup, have been studied. The kinetic parameters of carbon forma-tion at methane decomposition on the surface of zeolite – CoO mixture were investigated by method of thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology and structure of forming carbon fibrils, with the metal par-ticles fixed at their ends, have been investigated, and the formation of carbon fibrils branched pattern, socalled octopus, has been discovered. Greek walnut shells and grape seeds carbonization, their immobiliza-tion by the cells of selective absorption of heavy metal and sulfur dioxide ions have been also studied. Theexamples of metal-carbon composites using as adsorbents for wastewater purification, C3- C4 hydrocarboncracking catalysts and refractory materials with improved properties have been considered

Jogo ciberrealidade como um implemento de impacto de conflito sobre a segurança nacional da Federação Russa

The research objective is the identification of the negative image of the Russian state in computer games of the western developers. The characteristics and tendencies are given in the development of virtual game space from the first person (shooters) where the image of the enemy of the Russian origin is created. Virtual game communications are considered as a special form of social interaction on the Internet where technologies of political convictions and increase in level of hostility of rather specially chosen object are approved.The research has cross-disciplinary character. When studying virtual game network space authors used structurally functional and sociocultural approach.Computer games can serve as platform for the information wars, first of all, directed against the Russian youth.Destructive communicative strategy is used in the computer games devoted to World War II where the role and value of participation of the Soviet Union in a victory over fascist Germany is leveled. It is reached in fictional images of Russia in virtual reality which do not relies on objective reality of historical process and carries a negative connotation.Computer games are time the tool which can put motives of political and ideological hatred, xenophobia or hostility concerning any social group or the country.El objetivo de la investigación es la identificación de la imagen negativa del estado ruso en los juegos de computadora de los desarrolladores occidentales. Se dan las características y tendencias en el desarrollo del espacio de juego virtual de la primera persona (tiradores) donde se crea la imagen del enemigo del origen ruso. Las comunicaciones de juegos virtuales se consideran como una forma especial de interacción social en Internet donde se aprueban las tecnologías de convicciones políticas y el aumento en el nivel de hostilidad, especialmente, del objeto elegido. La investigación tiene carácter interdisciplinario. Al estudiar el espacio virtual de red de juegos, los autores utilizaron un enfoque estructuralmente funcional y sociocultural. Los juegos de computadora pueden servir como plataforma para las guerras de información, en primer lugar, dirigidas contra la juventud rusa. La estrategia destructiva de comunicación se usa en los juegos de computadora dedicados a la Segunda Guerra Mundial donde se nivela el papel y el valor de la participación de la Unión Soviética en una victoria sobre la Alemania fascista. Se alcanza en imágenes ficticias de Rusia en la realidad virtual que no se basa en la realidad objetiva del proceso histórico y conlleva una connotación negativa. Los juegos de computadora son la herramienta del tiempo que puede poner motivos de odio político e ideológico, xenofobia u hostilidad con respecto a cualquier grupo social o país. Objetivo de pesquisa é a identificação em jogos de computador dos desenvolvedores ocidentais de projetar a imagem negativa do estado russo. A característica é dada a características e tendências de desenvolvimento do espaço de jogo virtual da primeira pessoa (atiradores) onde a imagem do inimigo da origem russa é criada. As comunicações de jogos virtuais são consideradas como uma forma especial de interação social na Internet, onde tecnologias de convicções políticas e aumento no nível de hostilidade de objetos especialmente escolhidos são aprovadas.A pesquisa tem caráter interdisciplinar. Ao estudar o espaço da rede de jogos virtuais, os autores usaram uma abordagem estruturalmente funcional e sociocultural.Os jogos de computador podem servir de plataforma para as guerras informativas, antes de tudo dirigidas contra os jovens russos.A estratégia comunicativa destrutiva é usada nos jogos de computador dedicados à Segunda Guerra Mundial, onde o papel e o valor da participação da União Soviética na vitória sobre a Alemanha fascista são nivelados. Ele é alcançado em imagens fictícias da Rússia em realidade virtual que não se baseia na realidade objetiva do processo histórico e carrega uma conotação negativa.Os jogos de computador são o momento da ferramenta que pode colocar motivos de ódio político, ideológico, xenofobia ou hostilidade em relação a qualquer grupo social ou ao país

Growth of 3C-SiC Films on Si (111) and Sapphire (0001) Substrates by MOCVD

Thick silicon carbide films were grown on sapphire (0001) and silicon (111) substrates using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Diethylmethylsilane (DEMS) has been used as a single precursor, which contain Si and C atoms in the same molecule, without any carrier or bubbler gas. Atomic structure, surface composition and morphology have been investigated by XRD, AES, SEM and AFM analysis. SiC films of 5-7 micron thickness were grown at a rate of ~ 40 nm/min on sapphire (0001) and Si (111) substrates. The films grown at low temperature (850 ºC and 900 ºC) on both substrates show crystalline 3C-SiC in the (111) orientation. XRD results show that the orientation of the crystal structure does not depend of the substrate orientation AFM pictures of SiC films grown on sapphire (0001) exhibit more crystalline order as compared to films grown on the Si (111) substrates. AES of the grown films shows that in both cases the Si peak intensity is greater than that of carbon. This work shows promise for the development of alternative processes for developing low cost, large area substrates for application to IIInitrides LED and UV photodetector fabrication and also for gas detector application

Mechanochemical Activation and Reaction Capacity of SHS-Systems on the Base of Quartz

The influence of different characteristics of mechanochemical activation on changes of structure and energy characteristics of silicon dioxide (quartz) is considered in this work. It is shown that after treatment in mill in the presence of different modificators, the quartz samples are complex composite formation, composed of crystalline, amorphous and polymeric component, and also contain inclusions of iron and carbon. Polymerized surface layer provides the encapsulation of the energy state of activated particle. Particularities of the technological combustion systems with active and modified quartz are investigated. The using of modifying agents leads to increasing of maximum combustion temperature, increasing of combustion process time as well as the change of phase composition of synthesis products. It is shown that alteration the sizes of synthesized sample (products) we can change the heat dissipation conditions, kinetic of reaction development and temperature in combustion wave. "The process scale" of solid phase combustion at material synthesis appears in change of the phase composition of obtained materials

Carbon as an Effective Modifier of Silicon Dioxide and Reagent for Obtaining Nanostructurized SHS-Composites

The peculiarities of the structure and morphology of quartz particles modified by carbon depending on MCT conditions and type of specific carbonaceous modifier were studied. Powder materials with the composition structure of the materials, which are hybrid formations organics-inorganics with a high chemical activity of its components, were obtained by combined MCT of carbon or carbon containing organic compounds with quartz. A high chemical activity of quartz particles modified by carbon is effectively realized when producing SHS-ceramics composition materials. The rate of redox processes increases, the initial reagents are most completely realized and nanosized particles of silicon carbide are formed. It is shown how one can regulate the process of combustion in SH-synthesis and produce the material of the necessary quality by modifying silicon dioxide particles in the course of MCT

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Composite Magnetic Materials on the Basis of Quartz-Containing Systems

Mechanochemical treatment of quartz and its mixtures with ash-slag and iron oxides in the presence of various modifying organic additives was carried out. Quartz and mixtures based on it exhibit ferromagnetic properties and are distinguished by good sorption ability toward organic substances. Crystalline silica assumes the role of the matrix during development of structure and functional properties of the magnetic adsorbent. It was found, that the polymer film, which is used to cover the quartz particles, includes regions with embedded iron nanoparticles as well as other regions enriched with active carbon. The synthesized sorbents were used to collect petroleum spill over water; high water purification degree (up to 98%) was achieved

Silica from Kazakhstan Rice Husk as an Anode Material for LIBs

This paper reports the synthesis of the silica (SiO2) from Kyzylorda rice husk (RH) and investigation of its electrochemical behaviour as an anode material for the lithium-ion battery. Rice husk, considered as agricultural waste material, contains a substantial amount of amorphous silica, carbon, and minor other mineral composition, which have potential industrial and scientific applications. Due to the high theoretical capacity of silicon (4200 mAh g-1) and silicon dioxide (1965 mAh g-1), Si-containing compounds are considered as a promising candidate for a new generation of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this work, the technology of amorphous SiO2 extraction from Kyzylorda region rice husk is developed. The silica powder was obtained by burning the rice husk and treating the obtained ash with the sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The extracted SiO2 and intermediate products were studied by the SEM, XRD, XRF, XPS, TGA in comparison with commercial silica. The RH of the Kyzylorda region has 12% of Si. The electrochemical characteristics of assembled coin cell type battery were tested by using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. Results show that silica synthesized from agriculture waste has the same performance as commercial analog. The initial discharge capacity of the battery with synthesized silicon dioxide was 1049 mAhg-1. The reversible discharge capacity in the second and subsequent cycles is about 438 mAhg-1

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Coating

A novel approach for depositing of hydroxyapatite (HA) films on titanium substrates by using high energy ball milling (HEBM) has been developed. It was demonstrated that a heat treatment of the mechanically coated HA at 800 °C for one hour leads to partial transformation of HA phase to -TCP. It appears that the grain boundary and interface defects formed during MCS reduce this characteristic transformation temperature. Also, it was shown that Ti incorporation into the HA structure causes the lattice shrinkage and reduction of its grain size as compared to pure HA, but also promote the phase transformation of HA to TCP at high temperature. It is important that doping HA by silicon, while also significantly decrease crystallinity of deposited HA layer, results in hindering of the phase transformation process. The Si-doped HA does not show phase transition or decomposition after heat treatment even at 900 °C. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometer, Vickers microhardness, Electron paramagnetic resonance

Synthesis of Powder Materials with Particles Encapsulated into Carbon Containing Nanostructural Films

Particles of a complex structure: a quartz nucleus encapsulated into metalpolymer carbon containing nanosize film of the type “cluspol” have been obtained as a result of mechanochemical treatment of quartz with carbon containing organic compounds. Electronmicroscopic investigations show the diversity of morphological forms and nanostructural carbon formations on the surface of modified quartz particles. Depending on the regimes of mechanochemical treatment, the obtained materials are characterized by considerable changes in electromagnetic properties. The choice of carbon containing modifiers provided a highly active physico-chemical state of quartz of a prolonged action