To the very End. A contrastive study of N-Rhemes in English and Swedish translations

The present study is an explorative, corpus-based contrastive study of N-Rhemes in English and Swedish original texts, as well as translations between the two languages. The aim is twofold, to describe the N-Rheme in English and Swedish Fiction and Popular Science texts, and to examine translation correspondences, and lack of correspondences, between English and Swedish N-Rhemes. The first part of the investigation shows that N-Rhemes are very similar in the two languages and the two text types. The main differences are to a great extent related to word order differences between the two languages, e.g. the V2-constraint in Swedish and Subject prominence in English. However, word order is not the only explanation. Frequently, there is interplay between word order and information structure, as Swedish is more backwards-oriented and seems to follow the principle of end-weight more strictly than English. The analysis of the translation (non)-correspondences: Full Match, Reformulation, Movement and Restructuring shows that more translation changes occur in the translations into English. Reformulations are most frequent and typically result in unit shifts, function shifts and explicitness changes. Furthermore, the results show that English and Swedish clearly have different clause structure preferences. English favours hypotactic structures where Swedish has paratactic structures, which is reflected in the translations. In the translations into Swedish, clauses are frequently split, resulting in T-units that are informationally less dense, whereas in the translations into English, clauses are merged, resulting in informationally denser clauses. When information density is increased or decreased, this frequently results in explicitness changes. Finally, many of the translation changes could be seen as related to the character of the N-Rheme. N-Rhemes are often long and complex, and present newsworthy information. The longer the N-Rheme, the more information that potentially could be changed in the translation process. The great number of Reformulations and Restructurings reflects how translation changes occur with a purpose to ascertain that the goals of the texts are preserved, and even made clearer in the translation

A RNAi-based therapeutic <i>proof of concept</i> targets salmonid whirling disease <i>in vivo</i>

<div><p><i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i> is a cnidarian-myxozoan parasite that causes salmonid whirling disease. <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> alternates between two hosts: (1) a vertebrate salmonid and (2) an invertebrate oligochaete, <i>Tubifex tubifex</i>. There is no successful treatment for salmonid whirling disease. MyxSP-1 is a <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> serine protease implicated in whirling disease pathogenesis. We hypothesized that short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced RNA interference (RNAi) can silence <i>MyxSP-1</i> in the invertebrate host and abrogate the <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> life cycle. This would preclude whirling disease infection in the salmonid host. To test this hypothesis, we first developed a siRNA delivery protocol in <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. Second, we determined the effective dose for siRNA treatment of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i>-infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i>-infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were treated with different concentrations of <i>MyxSP-1</i> or negative control siRNAs (1μM, 2μM, 5μM or 7μM) at 15°C for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h, respectively. We monitored <i>MyxSP-1</i> knockdown using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). siRNA treatment with <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA at 2μM concentration for 24h at 15°C showed maximum significant <i>MyxSP-1</i> knockdown in <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. Third, we determined the time points in the <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> life cycle in <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> at which siRNA treatment was most effective. <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis-</i>infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were treated with <i>MyxSP-1</i> or negative control siRNAs (2μM concentration for 24h at 15°C) at 24 hours post-infection (24hpi), 48hpi, 72hpi, 96hpi, 1 month post-infection (1mpi), 2mpi and 3mpi, respectively. We observed that siRNA treatment of <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> was most effective at 1mpi, 2mpi and 3mpi. Fourth, we immersed specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout fry in water inhabited by <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> (at 1mpi, 2mpi and 3mpi). The salmonids did not develop whirling disease and showed significant <i>MyxSP-1</i> knockdown. We also observed long-term RNAi in <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. Together these results demonstrate a novel RNAi-based therapeutic <i>proof of concept in vivo</i> against salmonid whirling disease.</p></div

Immersion of SPF rainbow trout fry in water inhabited by siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>.

<p>Immersion of SPF rainbow trout fry in water inhabited by siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>.</p

Thermal cycling parameters for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

<p>Thermal cycling parameters for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).</p

Immersion of SPF rainbow trout fry (n = 30; in triplicates of 10 fish per aquarium) in water inhabited by siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 3mpi.

<p>Representative image of rainbow trout fry photographed alive <b>(A, C)</b> and post-mortem <b>(B, D)</b> three months post-immersion in water inhabited by negative control siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 3mpi <b>(A, B)</b> or <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 3mpi <b>(C, D)</b>. Arrow indicates clinical signs of whirling disease–shortening of the gill operculum <b>(A, B)</b>; scale bar = 2cm. 3 months post-immersion, fish were euthanized and <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were harvested. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was evaluated using qPCR. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was normalized to that of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis β-actin</i>. <b>(E)</b> Normalized gene expression of <i>MyxSP-1</i> in rainbow trout fry post-mortem. Data represent mean normalized expression (n = 6–8; +SE; ^****<i>p</i><0.01). <b>(F)</b> Normalized gene expression of <i>MyxSP-1</i> in siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> (3mpi) harvested at the end of the experiment. Data represent mean normalized expression (n = 6–8; +SE; ^****<i>p</i><0.01). Abbreviations: SPF = specific-pathogen-free; qPCR = real-time quantitative PCR.</p

siRNA treatment of <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> at different concentrations for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h.

<p>1600 SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were collected and then divided into 32 groups with each having 50 SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. All groups of SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were infected with <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> myxospores at the same time. At 3mpi, infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> oligochaetes were treated with different concentrations of <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA or negative control siRNA (1μM, 2μM, 5μM or 7μM, respectively) at 15°C for 24h <b>(A; n = 6–8; +SE;</b> ^<b>**</b><b><i>p</i><0.001)</b>, 48h <b>(B; n = 6–8; +SE;</b> ^<b>*</b><b><i>p</i><0.0001)</b>, 72h <b>(C; n = 6–8; +SE;</b> ^<b>*</b><b><i>p</i><0.0001)</b> and 96h <b>(D; n = 6–8; +SE;</b> ^<b>*</b><b><i>p</i><0.0001)</b>. Post-soaking, siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were harvested and <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was evaluated using qPCR. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was normalized to that of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis β-actin</i>. Data represent mean normalized expression +SE. Abbreviations: SPF = specific-pathogen-free; mpi = months post-infection; qPCR = real-time quantitative PCR.</p

Effective dose for siRNA treatment of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i>-infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> oligochaetes at period of peak release of TAMs.

<p>Effective dose for siRNA treatment of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i>-infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> oligochaetes at period of peak release of TAMs.</p

Immersion of SPF rainbow trout fry (n = 30; in triplicates of 10 fish per aquarium) in water inhabited by siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 2mpi.

<p>Representative image of rainbow trout fry photographed alive <b>(A, C)</b> and post-mortem <b>(B, D)</b> three months post-immersion in water inhabited by negative control siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 2mpi <b>(A, B)</b> or <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> 2mpi <b>(C, D)</b>. Arrows indicate clinical signs of whirling disease–darkening of the caudal region and shortening of the gill operculum <b>(A, B)</b>; scale bar = 2cm. 3 months post-immersion, fish were euthanized and <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were harvested. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was evaluated using qPCR. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was normalized to that of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis β-actin</i>. <b>(E)</b> Normalized gene expression of <i>MyxSP-1</i> in rainbow trout fry post-mortem. Data represent mean normalized expression (n = 6–8; +SE; ^****<i>p</i><0.01). <b>(F)</b> Normalized gene expression of <i>MyxSP-1</i> in siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> (2mpi) harvested at the end of the experiment. Data represent mean normalized expression (n = 6–8; +SE; ^****<i>p</i><0.01). Abbreviations: SPF = specific-pathogen-free; qPCR = real-time quantitative PCR.</p

Schematic representation of the experimental workflow.

<p>What happens if SPF rainbow trout fry are immersed in water inhabited by live siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>?</p

Normalized gene expression of <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene after siRNA treatment of <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> at different time points post-infection.

<p>700 SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were collected and then divided into 14 groups with each having 50 SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i>. All groups of SPF <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were infected with <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis</i> myxospores at the same time. Infected <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were treated with <i>MyxSP-1</i> siRNA or negative control siRNA (2μM concentration for 24h at 15°C) at 24hpi, 48hpi, 72hpi, 96hpi, 1mpi, 2mpi and 3mpi, respectively. 24 hours after the final siRNA treatment at 3mpi, siRNA-treated <i>T</i>. <i>tubifex</i> were harvested and <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was evaluated using qPCR. <i>MyxSP-1</i> gene expression was normalized to that of <i>M</i>. <i>cerebralis β-actin</i>. Data represent mean normalized expression (n = 6–8; +SE; ^*<i>p</i><0.0001; ^**<i>p</i><0.001; ^***<i>p</i><0.005). Abbreviations: SPF = specific-pathogen-free; hpi = hours post-infection; mpi = months post-infection; qPCR = real-time quantitative PCR.</p