Islamisation Theories of Malay Culture: Issues and Responses

Interaction between Islamic teachings and cultures has resulted in the Islamisation of culture. The Malay culture was not an exception as Islam has transformed it into a Malay-Islamic culture. But it has raised questions on how Islamic teachings interacted with the indigenous culture before Islamising it and the degree of success of this process. These questions later on turned into a heated polemic, dividing the scholars into those who support the Islamisation of culture and those who oppose it. This study will look into the Islamisation theories of Malay culture deliberated by the orientalists and comparing them to the responses from contemporary Muslim scholars. It will be argued that both of these camps have opposing views regarding the basis of philosophical, sociological and historical theories in the Islamisation of culture. While the orientalist camp condemned it, Muslim scholars see it as a remarkable process in transforming the human culture

Design and development of a small-scale 12S-14P outer rotor HEFSM

Simulation, prototype experimental, and mathematical modelling is an essential process to provide sufficient evidence before a full-scale development or mass production. Hence, this study focuses on validating a small scale of 12S-14P outer-rotor hybrid excitation flux switching motor (OR-HEFSM) through simulation, experimental, and mathematical modelling. The JMAG-Designer software as finite element solver is used to design and analyse the designed geometry structure. Throughout simulation process, the rotor design with direct drive structure as illustrated in Appendix A is chosen based on optimisation process. Thus, the generated back EMF, torque, and power through simulation at a speed of 1,200 r/min is 6.58 V, 16.4 Nm, and 12.4 kW, correspondingly. The designed model has been fabricated using actual prototype analysis (APA) approach, which is involves five stages, namely 3-D design, material selection, fabrication, assembly, and experimental test. The computer-aided software of SolidWorks is used to implement the first stage of APA while the prototype structure is fabricated using a computer numerical control (CNC) machine. The prototype has been tested experimentally using a measurement tool such as Fluke Analyser and oscilloscope. The back EMF showed a good agreement between simulation and preliminary experimental results with percentage differences approximately 5.1% at a speed of, 1,200 r/min. In contrast with the prediction results based on mathematical modelling using sizing equation, the calculated back EMF, torque, and power is 7.58%, 8.6%, and 8.4% higher than simulation results, respectively. Even so, the results had proven that the concept of three-phase working principle for small-scale 12S-14P OR-HEFSM with direct drive structure remained the same for simulation, experiment, and prediction