Buying Time: Real and Hypothetical Offers

This paper provides the results of a field test of contingent valuation estimates within a willingness to accept framework. Using dichotomous choice questions in telephone-mail-telephone interviews, we compare responses to real and hypothetical offers to survey respondents for the opportunity to spend time in a second set of interviews on an undisclosed topic. Five hundred and forty people were randomly split between the real and hypothetical treatments. Our findings indicate no significant differences between people's choices with real and hypothetical offers. Choice models indicate the size of the offer and income were significant determinants of respondents' decisions, and these models were not significantly different between real and hypothetical offers.

Does Nature Limit Environmental Federalism?

This research considers whether the principles developed to analyze the optimal jurisdiction for producing public goods can be applied in cases where regulations of private activities provide the primary means to deliver different amounts of public and quasi-public goods. The analysis evaluates how devolution affects the development of benefit cost analyses for regulations and the role of economic versus environmental factors in defining the extent of the regulatory market. Using a study of nutrient control for the Neuse River in North Carolina, the analysis develops area specific measures of the benefits and costs of regulations and illustrates how changes in the composition of the areas allowed to "count" for policy design can affect decisions about the levels of control judged to meet the net benefit test.

Factors associated with physical activity participation in adults with chronic cervical spine pain: a systematic review

Objective: To determine the factors associated with physical activity participation in adults with chronic cervical spine pain. Methods: A systematic review was conducted including searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE and CINAHL from inception to June 12th, 2016. Grey literature and reference checking was also undertaken. Quantitative studies including factors related to physical activity participation in adults with chronic cervical spine pain were included. Two independent authors conducted the searches, extracted data and completed methodological quality assessment. Results: A total of seven studies met the selection criteria, however, four papers were finally included in the final review. A modified Downs and Black criteria was used to assess methodological quality, each study included was classed as moderate quality. A total of six factors were assessed against physical activity participation for people with chronic neck pain. These included: pain, fear of movement, smoking habits, socioeconomic status, gender, leisure and work time habits. A significant relationship was demonstrated between pain, leisure and work time habits and physical activity. Subjects were less likely to participate in physical activity if they were in pain. Subjects with neck pain were less likely to participate in physical activity in their leisure and work time. Conclusion: This review, based on a small number of heterogeneous studies demonstrated key factors that are likely to affect physical activity in people with chronic neck pain, most notably, pain levels, leisure and work habits. This review suggests that more in-depth, high quality studies are required to fully understand the impact of chronic pain on physical activity

\u27She should not be a model\u27: The effect of exposure to plus-size models on body dissatisfaction, mood, and Facebook commenting behaviour

Objectives: The present study investigated the exposure effect of plus-size models on body dissatisfaction and mood, and the nature of participants’ commenting behaviour towards images of plus-size models. Method: The study was comprised of 92 female university students who were exposed to Facebook photos of plus-size models. Participants were randomly allocated to having the exposed photo paired with positive, negative, or neutral comments, and participants were asked to leave an anonymous comment on each picture. Results: Results showed that participants had less body dissatisfaction and better mood after exposure to plus-size models regardless of the comment condition. Additionally, comment condition significantly influenced the type of comments participants contributed — in photos paired with negative comments, participants were significantly more likely to leave negative comments themselves, with 40% of participants leaving negative comments compared with 4% in the positive condition, and 12% in the neutral condition. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the negative comments of plus-size models can encourage bystanders to contribute negative comments themselves; reinforcing the need to develop better protocols to oppose cyberbullying and encourage an online environment of positivity

A New Variety of Lomatium ravenii (Apiaceae) from the Northern Great Basin and Adjacent Owyhee Region

Variability in the group of Lomatium species comprising L. nevadense, L. ravenii, and L. foeniculaceum has led to conflicting classification schemes. While some taxonomists have treated L. ravenii as a distinct species made up of all the populations from California, Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon, others considered L. ravenii to be nothing more than a morphological extreme of L. nevadense. We examined morphological and phylogenetic data from across the range of L. ravenii, concluding that variation in the species warrants varietal distinction. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of 29 populations shows two distinct groups—one from the vicinity of Ravendale, California, and one from the rest of the range in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Idaho. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, rps16 intron, and cpDNA rpl32-trnLUAG genes from seven populations supports these two groups. We refer to the geographically widespread population as Lomatium ravenii var. paiutense and recommend reassessment of the conservation status of the more narrowly endemic Ravendale populations

Valuing a Homeland Security Policy: Countermeasures for the Threats from Shoulder Mounted Missiles

This paper reports estimates for the ex ante tradeoffs for three specific homeland security policies that all address a terrorist attack on commercial aircraft with shoulder mounted missiles. Our analysis focuses on the willingness to pay for anti-missile laser jamming countermeasures mounted on commercial aircraft compared with two other policies as well as the prospect of remaining with the status quo. Our findings are based a stated preference conjoint survey conducted in 2006 and administered to a sample from Knowledge Networks' national internet panel. The estimates range from $100 to$220 annually per household. Von Winterfeldt and O'Sullivan's [2006] analysis of the same laser jamming plan suggests that the countermeasures would be preferred if economic losses are above $74 billion, the probability of attack is larger than 0.37 in ten years, and if the cost of the measures is less than about$14 billion. Our results imply that, using the most conservative of our estimates, a program with a cost consistent with their thresholds would yield significant aggregate net benefits. More generally, this research grows out of a need to measure the benefits of an iconic public good -- national defense -- to assess the economic efficiency of Department of Homeland Security policies.

Do Citizens Want the Truth about Terrorist Threats Regardless of the Consequences?

This paper proposes the use of consumers’ preferences in formulating policies for keeping secret information about terrorist activities and threats that might compromise future security. We report the results from two surveys indicating that people have clear preferences for full disclosure of some terrorist related information regardless of its consequences for specific industries or future threats. This result is especially clear for threats involving commercial airlines. For those threats associated with more general surveillance or threats to the financial system respondents were more willing to allow government authorities to withhold information.

Long-term discomfort evaluation: comparison of reported discomfort between a concept elevated driving posture and a conventional driving posture

Mounting a seat higher in a vehicle, in comparison to a conventional driving posture, will benefit vehicle design by reducing vehicles’ mass and as a result, possibly reducing emissions over the lifecycle of the vehicle. This paper reports on a study with the objective of comparing reported long-term discomfort between a concept elevated posture seat and a production conventional driving posture seat. A sample of 20 commercial drivers (10 males, 10 females) aged 19-65, were recruited for the study. A concept seat was developed from a seat fitting trial study [1] and a second rig was designed and constructed to replicate a benchmark production seat in a conventional LCV driving posture. In two separate trials, participants were required to perform a driving simulation task whilst exposed to whole-body vibration and report their discomfort in 10 minute intervals over 50-minutes of driving. Results indicated that at 50-minutes of driving, there were significant differences in reported discomfort for the right shoulder and the lower back between the postures, with the conventional posture having the higher discomfort ratings. Additionally, the musculoskeletal fatigue effects for both postures (progression of discomfort over time) fell in line with the literature

Design parameters for an elevated driving posture

Studies have shown that whilst emissions from passenger vehicles have fallen in the last 20-years, emissions from light commercial vehicles (LCVs) have risen. An elevated driving seat will result in a driving posture higher than in conventional vehicles and will benefit vehicle deign in terms of a reduction in vehicles’ mass potentially resulting in reduced emissions. This paper reports on a study with the objective of identifying the static seat design parameters for such an elevated seat. A sample of 20 commercial drivers (10 males, 10 females) aged 19-65, were recruited for the study. A driving rig was designed and built to offer nine key seat sub-component adjustments, deemed highly important to selecting a comfortable driving set up. Each sub-component was adjusted in an iterative process to define an optimum position for each driver and was then recorded along with participant verbatim. Results indicated that leg length is a good predictor of the seat height and the distance from the pedals (PH Gap) and that sitting height is a good predictor for the positioning of the backrest. The preferred length of the seat base was much shorter and the width much wider, respectively, than that observed in current LCVs