22,504 research outputs found
Suprathermal electron distributions in the solar transition region
Suprathermal tails are a common feature of solar wind electron velocity
distributions, and are expected in the solar corona. From the corona,
suprathermal electrons can propagate through the steep temperature gradient of
the transition region towards the chromosphere, and lead to non-Maxwellian
electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) with pronounced suprathermal
tails. We calculate the evolution of a coronal electron distribution through
the transition region in order to quantify the suprathermal electron population
there. A kinetic model for electrons is used which is based on solving the
Boltzmann-Vlasov equation for electrons including Coulomb collisions with both
ions and electrons. Initial and chromospheric boundary conditions are
Maxwellian VDFs with densities and temperatures based on a background fluid
model. The coronal boundary condition has been adopted from earlier studies of
suprathermal electron formation in coronal loops. The model results show the
presence of strong suprathermal tails in transition region electron VDFs,
starting at energies of a few 10 eV. Above electron energies of 600 eV,
electrons can traverse the transition region essentially collision-free. The
presence of strong suprathermal tails in transition region electron VDFs shows
that the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is not justified there.
This has a significant impact on ionization dynamics, as is shown in a
companion paper
Recommended from our members
Dietary manipulation of broiler breeder growth through the feeding of conjugated linoleic acid
Reactor antineutrino spectra and their application to antineutrino-induced reactions. II
The antineutrino and electron spectra associated with various nuclear fuels are calculated. While there are substantial differences between the spectra of different uranium and plutonium isotopes, the dependence on the energy and flux of the fission-inducing neutrons is very weak. The resulting spectra can be used for the calculation of the antineutrino and electron spectra of an arbitrary nuclear reactor at various stages of its refueling cycle. The sources of uncertainties in the spectrum are identified and analyzed in detail. The exposure time dependence of the spectrum is also discussed. The averaged cross sections of the inverse neutron β decay, weak charged and neutral-current-induced deuteron disintegration, and the antineutrino-electron scattering are then evaluated using the resulting ν̅_e spectra.
[RADIOACTIVITY, FISSION 235U, 238U, (^239)Pu, (^240)Pu, (^241)Pu, antineutrino and electron spectra calculated. σ for ν̅ induced reactions analyzed.
The Symmetries of Nature
The study of the symmetries of nature has fascinated scientists for eons. The application of the formal mathematical description of
symmetries during the last century has produced many breakthroughs in
our understanding of the substructure of matter. In this talk, a number
of these advances are discussed, and the important role that George
Sudarshan played in their development is emphasize
Symmetry Breaking Using Value Precedence
We present a comprehensive study of the use of value precedence constraints
to break value symmetry. We first give a simple encoding of value precedence
into ternary constraints that is both efficient and effective at breaking
symmetry. We then extend value precedence to deal with a number of
generalizations like wreath value and partial interchangeability. We also show
that value precedence is closely related to lexicographical ordering. Finally,
we consider the interaction between value precedence and symmetry breaking
constraints for variable symmetries.Comment: 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligenc
Conservation Laws and 2D Black Holes in Dilaton Gravity
A very general class of Lagrangians which couple scalar fields to gravitation
and matter in two spacetime dimensions is investigated. It is shown that a
vector field exists along whose flow lines the stress-energy tensor is
conserved, regardless of whether or not the equations of motion are satisfied
or if any Killing vectors exist. Conditions necessary for the existence of
Killing vectors are derived. A new set of 2D black hole solutions is obtained
for one particular member within this class of Lagrangians. One such solution
bears an interesting resemblance to the 2D string-theoretic black hole, yet
contains markedly different thermodynamic properties.Comment: 11 pgs. WATPHYS-TH92/0
New Types of Thermodynamics from -Dimensional Black Holes
For normal thermodynamic systems superadditivity , homogeneity \H and
concavity \C of the entropy hold, whereas for -dimensional black holes
the latter two properties are violated. We show that -dimensional black
holes exhibit qualitatively new types of thermodynamic behaviour, discussed
here for the first time, in which \C always holds, \H is always violated
and may or may not be violated, depending of the magnitude of the black
hole mass. Hence it is now seen that neither superadditivity nor concavity
encapsulate the meaning of the second law in all situations.Comment: WATPHYS-TH93/05, Latex, 10 pgs. 1 figure (available on request), to
appear in Class. Quant. Gra
Probabilistic Cross-Identification of Astronomical Sources
We present a general probabilistic formalism for cross-identifying
astronomical point sources in multiple observations. Our Bayesian approach,
symmetric in all observations, is the foundation of a unified framework for
object matching, where not only spatial information, but physical properties,
such as colors, redshift and luminosity, can also be considered in a natural
way. We provide a practical recipe to implement an efficient recursive
algorithm to evaluate the Bayes factor over a set of catalogs with known
circular errors in positions. This new methodology is crucial for studies
leveraging the synergy of today's multi-wavelength observations and to enter
the time-domain science of the upcoming survey telescopes.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 8 pages, 1
figure, emulateapj w/ apjfont
Chaos in a Relativistic 3-body Self-Gravitating System
We consider the 3-body problem in relativistic lineal gravity and obtain an
exact expression for its Hamiltonian and equations of motion. While
general-relativistic effects yield more tightly-bound orbits of higher
frequency compared to their non-relativistic counterparts, as energy increases
we find in the equal-mass case no evidence for either global chaos or a
breakdown from regular to chaotic motion, despite the high degree of
non-linearity in the system. We find numerical evidence for a countably
infinite class of non-chaotic orbits, yielding a fractal structure in the outer
regions of the Poincare plot.Comment: 9 pages, LaTex, 3 figures, final version to appear in Phys. Rev. Let
- …