Level of serum SIRT1 (ng/µl) in respect to demographic parameters by SPR.

<p>Level of serum SIRT1 (ng/µl) in respect to demographic parameters by SPR.</p

Estimation of serum SIRT1 using ELISA technology.

<p>(A) Standard curve plotted between known concentration of SIRT1 and absorbance obtained at 450 nm. (B) Bar Diagram showing the difference in serum SIRT1 concentration between different groups (C) Scatter Diagram showing the difference in serum SIRT1 concentration between different groups.</p

Western blot and density analysis (A) to confirm the presence of SIRT1 in serum of AD patients(lane1,2), MCI patients(lane3,4), Elderly control(5,6) and young control(7,8).

<p>(B) 1,3,9,12,15,18 and 21 µg of pure SIRT1 loaded in lane 1–7 respectively.</p

Demographic data of patients and controls.

<p>Demographic data of patients and controls.</p

Sensogram showing the immobilization of SIRT1 antibody on CM5 sensor chip.

<p>Sensogram showing the immobilization of SIRT1 antibody on CM5 sensor chip.</p

Demographic data of patients and controls.

<p>Demographic data of patients and controls.</p

ROC analysis showing area under curve, threshold value with sensitivity and specificity, for Tau: (A) AD vs control (B) MCI vs control for p-Tau₁₈₁: (C) AD vs control (D) MCI vs control.

<p>ROC analysis showing area under curve, threshold value with sensitivity and specificity, for Tau: (A) AD vs control (B) MCI vs control for p-Tau₁₈₁: (C) AD vs control (D) MCI vs control.</p

Level of serum Tau and p-Tau₁₈₁in study groups by SPR.

<p>Level of serum Tau and p-Tau₁₈₁in study groups by SPR.</p

Scatter graph showing the serum level of Tau (A) and p-Tau181 (B) in AD, MCI and elderly control.

<p>Scatter graph showing the serum level of Tau (A) and p-Tau181 (B) in AD, MCI and elderly control.</p

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BackgroundRegularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsWe applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level.FindingsIn 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0-13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00-7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8-12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1-6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0-73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0-88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0-55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0-42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0-18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0-7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0-24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0-18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5-3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5-3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57-8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97-3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01-1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7-90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2-62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3-48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7-33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8-41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8-29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4-33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6-23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6-28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4-19·0]).InterpretationThe annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation