Ethnogroups Notes in the Books of V. Iraiyanbu

In his books, V. Iraiyanbu narrates the history of people from different countries. Through these histories, we can learn about different ethnic groups. He highlights the history of the subjugation of the Manchurians and Mongols in china's past, the bravery of King Dudmos of Egypt, the attempt by Confucius to bury his mother at the place where his father was buried in the Chinese system, and the bravery of the Goths. He gives ethnographic information in ideas that suggest that different races are their methods of warfare. In many of his books, we can see some of the messages that man can understand by highlighting the social position of the past in historical stories. This article deals with the records of ethnic communities from two of his books, The Vaiya Leadership and the War Professional

Comparative study of post-partum intra uterine contraceptive device insertion and interval intra uterine contraceptive device insertion in a tertiary care hospital

Background: NFHS (National Family Health Survey) 2005-2006 in India revealed that the contraceptive prevalence rate is 53.5%. 10% of all pregnancies are mistimed and 11% of all pregnancies are unwanted in India. Objective of present study was to compare the benefits and complications of postpartum IUCD insertion (PPIUCD) over interval IUCD insertion in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem from 2009-2014. The cases of interval IUCD for the year 2009-2014 and PPIUCD cases for the year 2012-2014 both vaginal insertion and intracaesarean insertion were taken for study. Complications, benefits and reasons for removal were compared between the two groups.Results: The total number of cases of IUCD insertion significantly increased after the introduction of PPIUCD programme in 2012. The acceptance of IUCD insertion was steadily increasing after the introduction of PPIUCD even though the follow up of PPIUCD cases was less (32%). The rate of removal in patients who came for follow up was less in PPIUCD group (18%) compared to interval IUCD cases (57%) when the reason was menorrhagia. The most common reason for removal was menorrhagia in interval IUCD patients. Abdominal pain was the most common reason for removal in PPIUCD patients. The rate of expulsion was higher in PPIUCD (6%) compared to interval IUCD patients (<1%). No cases of perforation and no cases of pregnancy in situ were reported in PPIUCD cases during the study period. Even though the rate of infection and missing strings were higher in PPIUCD patients when compared to interval IUCD patients who came for follow up the number of women with infection in PPIUCD patients is less and easily managed with appropriate antibiotics.Conclusions: In India PPIUCD insertion soon after delivery is a safe, effective, reversible and reliable method of long term contraception. Both vaginal and intracaesarean insertions are safe, efficacious and convenient even though there are few complications which are easily manageable. There are no incidences of perforations, pregnancy in situ, ectopic pregnancy and low rates of infection. Hence PPIUCD is a promising approach to decrease the fertility rate in the field of family planning

Tapering photonic crystal fibers for generating self-similar ultrashort pulses at 1550 nm

K.S.N. wishes to thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [No. 03(1264)/12/EMR-11] Government of India for the financial support.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Color Textured Image Segmentation Using ICICM - Interval Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Hybrid Approach

Segmentation is an essential process in image because of its wild application such as image analysis, medical image analysis, pattern reorganization, etc. Color and texture are most significant low-level features in an image. Normally, color-textured image segmentation consists of two steps: (i) extracting the feature and (ii) clustering the feature vector. This paper presents the hybrid approach for color texture segmentation using Haralick features extracted from the Integrated Color and Intensity Co-occurrence Matrix (ICICM). Then, Extended- Interval Type-2 Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is used to cluster the obtained feature vectors into several classes corresponding to the different regions of the textured image. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid approach could obtain better cluster quality and segmentation results compared to state-of-art image segmentation algorithms

The Role and Importance of Online Advertising in Shaping Malaysian Consumer Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Online advertisements influence consumer decisions to purchase and use the knowledge and attitudes toward marketing. Internet advertising has become a key determinant in influencing consumer behaviour. This study examines the paradigm shift on Malaysian consumers’ behaviours in relation to online purchases during the Covid-19 pandemic. Very limited research has been conducted on online advertising on consumer behaviour during a pandemic crisis because it can vary and have a complex trend. Prior studies in this area often centered on online advertisements' effect on consumer spending patterns. The aim of this study, based on literature reviews carried out on impact of internet advertising on consumer spending is also to introduce a new conceptual framework to the existing theory of consumer behavioural changes and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic that has become the stimulus to change the consumers’ behaviour. This study employed Theory of Planned Behaviour as an underpinning theory to explain consumer behaviour during this pandemic. The study showed mass and social media inputs were influential in assessing the severity of the crisis and thereby impacting the shopping experience. Keywords: Online advertising, internet, consumer behaviour, pandemic, Theory of Planned Behavior. DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/87-05 Publication date:November 30th 202

Current Comparison Domino based CHSK Domino Logic Technique for Rapid Progression and Low Power Alleviation

The proposed domino logic is developed with the combination of Current Comparison Domino (CCD) logic and Conditional High Speed Keeper (CHSK) domino logic. In order to improve the performance metrics like power, delay and noise immunity, the redesign of CHSK is proposed with the CCD. The performance improvement is based on the parasitic capacitance, which reduces on the dynamic node for robust and rapid process of the circuit. The proposed domino logic is designed with keeper and without keeper to measure the performance metrics of the circuit. The outcomes of the proposed domino logic are better when compared to the existing domino logic circuits. The simulation of the proposed CHSK based on the CCD logic circuit is carried out in Cadence Virtuoso tool

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL WITH EGG SHELL POWDER AND QUARRY DUST

Soil plays an important role for many construction works especially for dams, bridges and canals.  The presence of clay minerals exhibit alternate swelling &amp; shrinkage depends upon the seasonal variations.  Large numbers of researches are being carried out throughout the world to improve the soil quality. Various laboratory investigations were carried out for utilizing Egg Shell Powder (ESP) and Quarry Dust (QD) as a stabilizing agent to improve physical and mechanical properties of soil.  To utilize the waste product to the corrected material for construction works and doesn’t affect the environmental aspect also.  Stabilization of soil with lime, cement, bitumen are expensive and therefore in need of an economic replacement.  Soil taken with various ratios by addition of  which 4% of ESP and without ESP followed by the increment of 5% of QD through moisture-density relationship at Standard Proctor Compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) at soaked condition, Consistency limits, Unified Compressive strength (UCS) test and  Swell Pressure Test were carried out . The purpose of the study is to use of QD and ESP and evaluate the optimum combination to increase soil stabilization, geotechnical properties, reduce plasticity index and provide a solution for land filling, pavement structure and also for environmental problem

A Panoramic View On Rural Energy Consumption

Energy consumption is an index of economic development energy is essential to ensure adequate and sustained supply for energy sector of the economy. The rural energy consumption pattern is divided into agricultural operation domestic activities, living and industry. Rural energy consumption influences the standard of living of the people in rural areas. India is the largest energy consumer in the world. In India, out of 121crs of populations, 80crs of people living rural areas and affordability are vitally our country keep its pace of development

Prognostic Predictors of 30 day Outcome in Patients with Non Traumatic Intraparenchymal Haemorrhage

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular diseases rank first in frequency and important among all neurologic diseases. It is the second cause of mortality in the World. A stroke or cerebrovascular accident is defined by the abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. 80% of stroke is ischaemic and remaining 20% is due to haemorrhage. Intracranial haemorrhage includes: 1. Intraparenchymal haemorrhage, 2. Intraventricular haemorrhage, 3. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. There is 2 – 3 fold increased risk of intraparenchymal haemorrhage in Asians and Blacks. Many controversies surround the management of patients with ICH in large part because of paucity of prospective randomized controlled trial data that might more rationally guide therapy. These controversies include management of hypertension, treatment of raised ICP and appropriate use of surgical techniques. Since there is no sufficiently efficacious therapy for haemorrhage induced cerebral injury, prevention is the mainstay of treatment particularly hypertension. It is appropriate to think in terms of pathophysiology to guide management decisions. It would be useful, therefore, to know something about the time, course and prognosis of ICH. Various factors have been identified as predicting outcome including age, gender, race, initial MAP, temperature, volume of bleed, site of bleed, intraventricular extension, mass effect and initial level of consciousness. This study is done to evaluate and discuss the significances of various factors in predicting 30 day mortality and morbidity of patients with nontraumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhage in hypertension and non-hypertension haemorrhage stroke. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To evaluate the prognostic factors in predicting 30 day outcome in patients with non traumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhage admitted to medical wards in the Government General Hospital, Chennai. 2. To find out the prognostic significance of: a. Age, b. Temperature, c. Mean arterial pressure, d. GCS score at admission, e. Volume of Bleed, f. Location of Bleed, g. Intraventricular haemorrhage. in predicting 30 day outcome assessed by NIHSS score in patients with non-traumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhage admitted to the medical wards in the Government General Hospital, Chennai. 3. To compare the results with that one reported in literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with acute stroke admitted in the medical ward of Government General Hospital, Chennai from April 2009 to July 2009 were investigated for haemorrhagic stroke by obtaining a CT brain. Inclusion Criteria: Patients with non traumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhage admitted to medical wards. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with history of Trauma 2. Patients with suh arachnoid haemorrhage alone 3. Patients with intraventricular haemorrhage alone 4. Patients with previous history of intraparenchymal haemorrhage The following data were collected from the patients. 1. Age, 2. Temperature in °F at admission, 3. Mean arterial pressure. This is calculated by: a. Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure. 4. Glassgow coma score at admission to assess the severity of the bleed. CT brain was done on the day of admission and the following data were collected. 5. Volume of Bleed, 6. Location of Bleed, 7. Presence / Absence of Intraventricular haemorrhage. CONCLUSION: • Age, Gender, Temperature do not have a significant role in detecting the 30 day mortality rate in patients with IPH. i) Volume of Bleed, ii) GCS at admission, iii) Presence of IVH, iv) Mean Arterial Pressure, have a significant role in detecting the 30 day mortality in IPH patients. • Location of bleed at sites other than Brainstem did not have a difference in mortality in this study. Studies with larger number of patients with different locations of Bleed may throw some light on this aspect • A case of stroke with ICH with MAP 8, Volume of Bleed < 30ml, in the absence of IVH has 80% chance of survival after 30 days with the best NIHSS score. • Early detection of HT and prompt management can prevent the occurrence of event

Asymptomatic bacteriuria: effect of screening and treatment on maternal and fetal outcome

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy and are a common cause of serious maternal and perinatal morbidity. A urinary tract infection may manifest as asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute urethritis or acute cystitis or pyelonephritis. With appropriate screening and treatment this morbidity can be limited. Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to persistent actively multiplying bacteria within the urinary tract in women who have no symptoms. Worldwide the incidence varies from 5-10% and depends on age, parity, race and socioeconomic status. Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections during pregnancy. They occur in same frequency in pregnancy as in nonpregnant women. However the consequences of infection are far more serious during pregnancy warranting prompt diagnosis and treatment of infection. AIMS OF THE STUDY: 1. To find out the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in antenatal women at their first antenatal visit. 2. To know the association of bacteriuria with age, parity and socioeconomic status. 3. To know the common causative organism and treatment response to antibiotics 4. To find whether the incidence of symptomatic UTIs, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants decreases by treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria 5. To find the correlation between asymptomatic bacteriuria and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from September 2006 to August 2007, 500 antenatal women between 12 to 16 weeks of gestation attending antenatal O.P. at Women and Children Hospital, Egmore were randomly selected. All the women were instructed to wash hands and clean perineum with water and to part the labia with one hand and to collect midstream urine sample without either the initial portion or the after drip. Thus clean voided midstream urine sample was collected and sent to laboratory within 2 hrs. The urine sample of each patient was tested for the presence of nitrite by dipstick and one portion was sent for routine urine analysis and another portion sent for culture and sensitivity and colony count. Occurrence of pink color in the dipstick at the end of 2 minutes indicated positive nitrite test. Colony count of more than one lakh colony forming units of a single uropathogens per ml was taken as diagnostic of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Treatment was given to all patients with significant bacteriuria with oral cephalexin 500mg bd X 7days. Urine culture was repeated one week after completion of treatment. Two patients had persistant bacteriuria were treated with Inj. Gentamicin 80mg bd X 5days and then repeat cultures were negative. Both bacteriurics and non bacteriurics were followed at monthly intervals. They were examined for clinical parameters like weight gain, blood pressure and complete hemogram, rountine urine analysis blood urea, sugar and serum creatinine. For all treated patients urine culture was repeated once in late second trimester and once in third trimester. For other patients, urine culture was repeated once in third trimester. All patients were followed up to delivery and discharge. The occurrence of acute symptomatic urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis and cystitis), preterm labor and delivery, hypertensive disorders and maternal anemia and low birth weight infants were noted. The perinatal outcome was studied. Inclusion criteria - 1. Pregnant women between 12 to 16 weeks of gestation irrespective of parity. 2. The pregnant women randomly selected had no symptoms or signs of UTI. 3. All women had normal BP. 4. Unskilled laborers on unfixed wages were considered to belong to socioeconomic class V. Skilled and semiskilled workers on fixed wages were considered class III and IV respectively. 5. In the absence of symptoms colony count of 105 or more colony forming units per ml of urine was taken as significant bacteriuria. Exclusion criteria - 1. Pregnant women taking antibiotics for any reason were excluded. 2. Antenatal women with symptoms of UTI such as frequency, urgency, dysuria and supra pubic pain were excluded. 3. During the study women who were found to have hydramnios, multiple pregnancy, placenta praevia, congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. 4. Patients with anemia and hypertension at the first prenatal visit were excluded. SUMMARY: 500 antenatal women attending antenatal O.P. at Women and Children Hospital, Egmore, Chennai were screened for ABU at the first prenatal visit between 12-16 weeks of gestation during the period from September 2006 to August 2007 with quantitative urine culture. Five patients who were found to have hydramnios, multiple pregnancy, placenta praevia and congenital anomaly of fetus were excluded from the study. 35 women were lost during followup. 460 women were taken into account for statistical analysis. Both bacteriurics and non bacteriurics were followed upto delivery and the adverse effects of bacteriuria in mother and neonate were observed and analyzed. The results are summarized as follows: The incidence of ABU in the study group was 11.73% attributed to low socioeconomic status of the women. Screening at the first antenatal visit 54 pregnant women were found to be culture positive for bacteria and most were in the age group of 20 – 29 years ( 15.8%) and most were primigravida (13.6%) which may be related to early marriage and peak sexual activity which favors periurethral colonization of bacteria. Among the bacteriurics 70% were primigravidas. This shows that these women might have had bacteriuria even before marriage, which has been unmasked by pregnancy changes in the urinary tract. Among the bacteriurics 80% belonged to socioeconomic class V an important association found in literature. A significant proportion of patients had past history of urinary tract infection and treatment with antibiotics. Nitrite test was positive in only 94% of bacteriurics suggesting that it is not sensitive enough to be used as sole screening test. Pyuria was present in 62% of bacteriurics, which cleared after antimicrobial treatment suggesting infection than mere colonization. Acute cystitis developed in 6 women among bacteriurics and 4 women in non-bacteriuric group. No cases of pyelonephritis occurred in both groups suggesting that early screening and treatment of ABU is essential in preventing this complication. E. coli was the most common causative organism as in various studies world wide. Resistance to ampicillin was present in 30%. The incidence of anemia and preeclampsia in both groups was comparable and this study did not show a cause and effect relationship. The occurrence of low birth weight infants and preterm delivery was reduced similar to that in non-bacteriurics suggesting the importance of screening and treatment of ABU during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: From this study it is concluded that in view of potentially serious sequelae of asymptomatic bacteriuria, routine screening of all pregnant women at their first prenatal visit is recommended and that antibiotic treatment and follow up of cases helps in the reduction in the incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infections, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants