How Virtue is taught

Crantor, a Greek philosopher who lived about three hundred years before Christ, relates that one day the divinities like Wealth, Pleasure, Honor, Health and Virtue, suddenly appeared before the throng (crowd) at the Olympic games and asked the judges of the Areopagus (The highest judicial and legislative council of ancient Athens.) to decide which of them most favorably influenced man’s happiness. Wealth dazzled for a moment the judges’ eyes, but Pleasure soon showed that he was only a means to her as an end. Honor claimed that Wealth and Pleasure were but things of a day unless linked to lasting renown, but then up rose Health and declared that without her all three were practically worthless. Virtue ended the dispute by making all the Greeks admit that even glory is but transitory, and that Wealth, Pleasure, Honor, and Health, without Virtue, become evils for those who do not know how to use them with discretion. In this Paper an attempt has been made to understand “How Virtue is taught?”  and why virtue is important for life. The first question implies two questions, Is virtue teachable to at least one man? Second, if virtue can be taught to at least one man, can it be taught to any man? We must clarify the meaning and concepts about virtue: what is virtue? Virtue is the quality of man which discerns right from wrong. It first requires having the knowledge of what is right and what is wrong, and then requires a mental judgment about it. Virtue is all about three things: 1. The knowledge of right and wrong, 2. The ability to discern right from wrong and 3. The finally the right action that man takes. Virtues are desirable ways of relating to other individuals, groups, and organizations. They have much to do with motives, attitudes, and emotions, as they do with right and wrong conduct. Virtue makes possible a harmonious society likewise a harmonious society allows us to cultivate the virtues. To act ethically often requires a high degree of virtue

Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on phytochemical constituents in sunflower

The present study was conducted to characterize the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the phytochemical constituents of sun flower. The phytochemical constituent such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were analyzed. From the result it was observed that both the treatments had significantly improved the phytochemical constituents of sunflower. Among the treatments, organic fertilizer is found to be more efficient than inorganic fertilizer over control. The present work indicates towards the beneficial effect or organic and inorganic fertilizers for the improvement of sunflower

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SEEDPOD AND QUERCETIN OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether ethanolic extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (EENN) seedpod and quercetin (active component of NN) possess antibacterial proprieties against Gram (-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Antibacterial activities of EENN seedpod and quercetin were investigated using disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and Gram (+) bacteria such as S. aureus. Results: The antibacterial activity of both EENN seedpod and quercetin was found to be increased in dose-dependent manner. The maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by both EENN seedpod and quercetin against E. coli (14 mm and 15 mm) and P. aeruginosa (13 mm and 15 mm). Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to the EENN seedpod extract and quercetin than Gram-positive bacteria.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the effect of EENN seedpod and quercetin against the tested bacteria in vitro may contribute to the in vivo activities of the EENN seedpod and quercetin

Educational Ideals Emphasized in the Naladiyar

The Keelkanaku books which appeared after the Sangam Literature are known as Neethi Literature. Tirukkural, contained among them, is an emperor in the world justice books. Being as the book by Kural Venba got its name ‘Kural,’ which was made up of four feet of by Naladi Venba also named as ‘Naladi’ it is referred to as Naladiyar, Naladi Nanuru, Velanvedham. Education for man is in this birth, which is said to be the benefit of this birth, unlike the wealth that gives him tangible things, it does not lack to give, it grows more and more lower than makes him richer. These are the art of words of Jain sages in these Venbakkal however this research paper reveals the information about the ability of both men and women to remove their ignorance and improving knowledge in the fourteenth Chapter “Education” which are based on Naladiar's work, which has ethical thoughts emphasizing the life of the ancient Tamils

Nachinarkiniyar's Vedic Norm and Tolkappiar Interpretation

Nachinarkinyar is the most prolific literary scholar known in the Tamil world. She has written not only for literary works such as Sivakachinthamani, Kalitthokai, and Pathuppaattu but also for all three chapters of the Grammar of Tolkappiyam. Many have discussed the mention of Vedic traditions in the special preface of the Tolkappiyam. The Vedic tradition is based on the idea that the Vedas are the source of all things. Nachinarkinyar has reemphasized the mythologizing ideas that she started in the special preface, reiterating them in many parts of the ‘Poruladhikaram, a section that includes nine subject matters. In particular, the Veda Vidhi, the twofold view of the four Vedas, the connection of the texts with the Vedic texts by means of textual techniques, the reference of the Vedic texts and the texts born out of them to the learner, the reference of the Brahmins and the Brahmins as superiors, the integration of their traditions with the Tolkappiya texts, and the integration of the four Varnas and their traditions with the Vedic ethics

Study on mitigation of ammonia volatilization loss in urea through adsorbents

Volatilized ammonia loss (VAL) and toxicity are major disadvantages on urea amendment. In order to mitigate, slow (or) controlled release urea based fertilizers are prepared with low cost materials. Therefore, micro and nano-sized adsorbents such as zeolite, biochar were impregnated with urea @1:1 ratio for fertilizer formulations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the VAL rate. To study the effect of soil texture, incubation experiment on two different soils of Tamil Nadu (TypicHaplustalf and VerticUstropepts) with 4 physically mixed, 4 fabricated, conventional urea and control without urea determined. Fertilizer formulations were surface applied @ 250 kg N ha-1 and assessed the VAL rate for 16 days. The trapped ammonia was observed with colour change from pink to greenish and titrated with diluted sulfuric acid. Initial 3 days VAL rate was high on urea, physically mixed adsorbent fertilizers than urea impregnated fertilizers and colour change was observed on every 4-6 h of both soils. In contrast, the urea impregnated fertilizers had colour change after 9-10 h regardless of adsorbent and soils. The fabricated fertilizer observed VAL rate on gradual with low quantity on T5- Zeourea (13.5 days, 15.1 days) T6- Nano-zeourea (15.5 days, 16 days), T9- Biourea (7.5 days, 7.1 days) and T10- Nano-biourea (9 days, 9.7 days) than T2- Urea (5.5 days, 4.6 days) of Alfisols and Inceptisols respectively. Cumulative VAL rate percentage was low on T5- Zeourea (30 %, 34 %), T6- Nano-zeourea (28 %, 29.3 %) T9- Biourea (39 %, 41.5 %) and T10- Nano-biourea (36 %, 37.5 %) of Alfisols and Inceptisols, respectively on comparison with other fertilizer type.It is concluded that the surface amendment of physically mixed fertilizers not influenced any change on both soils. Urea impregnation influenced on days and cumulative VAL percentage. Our study elucidates that micro and nano porous adsorbents are potential substrate to reduce VAL rate of urea in both soils

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS MODES OF SMOKING ON THE PULMONARY FUNCTIONS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

 Objectives: Smoking is common in our society and day by day number of smokers are increasing. Smoking causes serious health hazards such asrespiratory diseases, lung, and oral cancers.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 60 smokers of age 18-45 years and 60 age-matched non-smokers who were otherwise healthy ascontrols. The smokers were subgrouped into cigarettes smokers (n=30) and beedi smokers (n=30). Pulmonary function parameters such as forcedvital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), FEV percentage (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratoryflow (25-75%) and maximum voluntary ventilation were measured for all the participants using computerized spirometer.Results: All the above pulmonary function parameters were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in smokers when compared to non-smokers. Whencompared with cigarette smokers, beedi smokers have a more significant reduction in pulmonary function.Conclusion: Smokers have reduced lung functions when compared to non-smokers. Beedi smokers were more affected when compared to cigarettesmokers and obstructive pulmonary impairment was the most common.Keywords: Smokers, Pulmonary function tests, Cigarette, Beed