Infrared band absorptance correlations and applications to nongray radiation

Various mathematical models for infrared radiation absorption spectra for atmospheric gases are reviewed, and continuous correlations for the total absorptance of a wide band are presented. Different band absorptance correlations were employed in two physically realistic problems (radiative transfer in gases with internal heat source, and heat transfer in laminar flow of absorbing-emitting gases between parallel plates) to study their influence on final radiative transfer results. This information will be applied to the study of atmospheric pollutants by infrared radiation measurement

Role of edaphic factors on VAM fungal colonization and Spore populations in certain tropical wild legumes

Four nodulating annual tropical wild legumes, viz., Alysicarpus monilifer, Desmodium triflorum, Indigofera linnaei and Tephrosia purpurea from three different regions in the Western Ghats ecosystem were investigated to assess their mycorrhizal status. The response ofvesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) root colonization and spore number to edaphicfactors such as soil moisture, pH and available Nand P was analysed. Though the spore number varied significantly both within and between sites, a uniformly high degree ofroot colonization was observed for all the plants in the present study. The spore number recorded was high, rangingfrom 15 to 165 spores gl soil. Spores of sixteen VAM fungal species belonging to Acaulospora, Glomus and Scutellospora were isolated from the rhizosphere soils. Soil moisture generally had a positive influence on VAM colonization and sporulation except in I. linnaei. The pH correlated negatively with root infection in I. linnaei and T. purpurea, but had no influence in the other two species. The effect of 2-pH on sporulation varied with host species and sites. No general correlation existed between available soil nutrients, root colonization and spore number but the influence ofNand P was counteractive on VAM infection. The present study indicates that the response of root colonization and spore number to edaphic factors is a localised rather than a generalised phenomenon

Effects of Formaldehyde Fumigation and Fytolan Drench on VAM fungi and nodulation in some Leguminous forest Tree Seedlings in India

Seedlings of 12 legume tree species (Acacia caesia, A. catechu, A. farnesiana, A. holosericea, A. leucocephala, A. nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Dichrostachys cinerea, Leucaena latisiliqua, Prosopis cineraria, Dalbergia latifolia and Pterocarpus marsupium) were raised informaldehyde-fumigatedf Fytol and renched beds in a nursery. Seedlings in the formaldehyde fumigated beds had stunted growth and were chlorotic; had poor VAM root colonization (18-25.3%) and spore density (3.1 - 10.6 g. soil-1 ) and lower nodule number (3 - 8 plant-1 ) and nodular biomass (100 - 870 mg plant-1 ); the total biomass (15.5 - 72 g plant-1 ) and field survival rate (31.2 - 40.4%) of the seedlings were very low. The mycorrhizal species isolated were Acaulospora bireticulata, Glomus fasciculatum and G. geosporum. In contrast, seedlings form Fytolan-drenched beds showed normal growth, enhanced biomass (18 - 83.21g plant-1 ) and higher field survival rate (71 - 86%); intense VAM root colonization (53.4-100%) and higher spore density (36 - 82.8 g soil-1 ) and higher module number (7.4 - 17.6 plant-1 ) and nodular biomass (195 - 950 mg plant ) compared with the control seedlings. Roots of these plants exhibited extensively developed arbuscular and vesicular structures. Ofthe seven VAMF species recordedfrom the rhizosphere soils of control and Fytolan-drenched beds, A. bireticulata, G. fasciculatum and G. geosporum were the dominant species. The differences between treatments were statistically significant (P < 0.05)

Effect of interactions of three growth-promoting microorganisms on VAM colonization, spore density, plant growth and nutrient accumulation in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings

Interactions of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and Glomus fasciculatum in the rhizosphere of tomato plants were studied. There was no significant difference in plant growth parameters between YAM-inoculated treatments. Plants inoculated with the phosphobacteria had significantly higher shoot length, which was equivalent to VAM and other VAM + phosphobacteria combinations. Azospirullum or phosphobacteria alone increased plant biomass compared with the uninoculated control. VAM index was significantly reduced with the addition of phosphobacteria. There was no difference in tissue nutrient concentrations between treatments

Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal colonization and growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in autoclaved soil

The effect of autoclaving soil an uesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAAl) Jungal colonization and biomass production of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) was assessed in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Four treatments were given viz., (1) VAM-free plants in autoclaued soil, (2) VAM plants in autoclaued soil, (3) VAM plants in autoclaved soil amended with VAM-free filtrate of non-autoclaved soil, and (4) VAM plants in non-auloclaved soil. The VAM plants grown in non-autoclaued soil showed the highest root colonization of 87.78% while those under (2) and (3) showed only 55.11 % and 56.94% respectiuely. On the other hand, significantly higher shoot length (105.4 cm2/plant), wtal kaJ area (740.3 cm2/plant) and biomass (8.43 g/plant) were obtained in VAM plants grown in autoclaved soiL VAM-free plants in autaclaved sail had reduced growth. In treatments 3 and 4 plant growth was intermediate. The results indicate that VAM colonization and sporulation were favoured under natural conditions, but VAM plants under autoclaved soil conditions produced maximum growth

Mycorrhizae in sedges as related to root character and its ecological significance

Twenty four sedges were examined to assess the role of root characters on mycorrhizal status. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) injection was positively related to root thickness and negatively to root hair number and length. Dried mycorrhizal roots of Bulbostylis barbata, Cyperus cyperinus. C. kyllingia and Fimbristylis ovata served as inocula oj VAMJungi in pot culture study indicating that mycorrhizal sedge roots could act as inocula in initiating and reviving mycorrhizae in natural soils

Hybrid Nanomotor: A Catalytically/Magnetically Powered Adaptive Nanowire Swimmer

A synthetic hybrid nanomotor, which combines chemically powered propulsion and magnetically driven locomotion, is described. The new catalytic–magnetic nanomotor consists of a flexible multisegment Pt-Au-Agflex-Ni nanowire, with the Pt-Au and Au-Agflex-Ni portions responsible for the catalytic and magnetic propulsion modes, respectively. The experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that the hybrid design only minimally compromises the individual propulsion modes. Rapid and convenient switching from the catalytic to the magnetic mode is illustrated. The resulting catalytic–magnetic adaptive nanomotor can address the fuel depletion and salt limitation common to chemically powered motors by switching to magnetic propulsion. Reversal of the motion direction is also achieved upon applying the magnetic field. Such use of two sources to power a hybrid device offers a broader scope of operation and holds considerable promise for designing adaptive nanovehicles that reconfigure their operation in response to environmental changes or unexpected events

Book Review J. Shoshanna Ehrilich, Regulating Desire: From the Virtuous Maiden to the Purity Princess

In this effective and engaging book, J. Shoshanna Ehrlich uncovers the hidden agendas underlying the long history of the law\u27s regulation of female adolescent sexuality. Ehrlich persuasively demonstrates that a multitude of laws purporting to protect public health in one form or another in fact encode the value of female virtue into law based upon a set of assumptions about their sexuality (3). The book spans a wide time period, moving chronologically through a series of legal reform movements targeting young women\u27s sexuality, from the 1838 effort to criminalize seduction to the modem-day movement promoting abstinence-only sex education. Although the book does not discuss some of the most heated issues surrounding young women\u27s sexuality todaysuch as rape and abortion-Ehrlich\u27s careful historical. storytelling illuminates how gendered sexual purity norms drive much of the law regulating adolescent sexuality

Rights, Remedies and Facial Challenges

This brief Comment extends upon a key point raised by Caitlin Borgmann\u27s article, Holding Legislatures Constitutionally Accountable Through Facial Challenges, which argues in part that the Roberts Court takes an outcome-driven approach to facial challenges. Building on Borgmann\u27s analysis, this Comment further suggests that the Court not only manipulates the law in an outcome determinative manner, but also exploits the rules regarding the use of as-applied and facial challenges as a means to rewrite substantive law without having to openly overrule prior precedent. This Comment focuses on Gonzales v. Carhart as an illustration of the Roberts Court\u27s manipulation of procedural rules regarding as-applied and facial challenges to cloak its overruling of substantive precedent. This Comment also suggests that, given an environment of hostility towards facial challenges, civil rights litigants might better succeed in preserving constitutional rights by seeking narrower injunctive remedies against unconstitutional regulations rather than seeking total invalidation of such regulations