FAKTOR-FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS AMURANG TIMUR KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan masalah kesehatan yang utama di Indonesia karena masih tingginya angka kejadian ISPA terutama pada balita. Data jumlah kasus ISPA di Sulawesi Utara tahun 2014, terdapat 58.328 kasus pada balita usia 1-4 tahun dan di Wilayah Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan tahun 2014 jumlah kejadian ISPA pada balita usia 1-4 tahun berjumlah 3693 kasus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor-faktor risiko kejadian ISPA pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Amurang Timur Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian survey analitik dengan desain case control study, yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari-Maret 2016 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Amurang Timur kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 150 responden terdiri 75 responden yang pernah menderita ISPA dan 75 responden yang tidak pernah menderita ISPA. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pengamatan (observasi) dan wawancara (kuesioner). Secara statistic nilai probabilitas yang diperoleh berdasarkan hasil uji chi square yaitu kepadatan hunian (p = 0,021; OR = 0,32; CI 95% = 0,11-0,87), ventilasi (p = 0,41; OR = 0,38; CI 95% = 0,14-0,98) dan merokok (p = 0,006; OR = 2,62; CI 95% = 1,30-5,27) dengan kejadian ISPA di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Amurang Timur Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan Terdapat hubungan antara kepadatan hunian dengan kejadian ISPA, ventilasi dengan kejadian ISPA, dan merokok dengan kajadian ISPA.Kata Kunci: Kepadatan Hunian, Ventilasi, Merokok, Kejadian ISPAABSTRACTISPA (Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut) or URI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) is become the main problem in Indonesia because the number of patient is still high especially toddler. Based on data the number of ISPA or URI there are 58.328 cases for toddler beetwen 1-4 years in North Sulawesi, while in South Minahasa District there are 3693 cases both in 2014. The purpose of this research is to analyze the risk of factors of ISPA or URI cases in Puskesmas South Minahasa District. The methodology that used in this research is research analytic survey with case control study design which held on January-March 2016 in Puskesmas district South Minahasa District. The total sample in this research is 150 respondents, 75 for they who bas been suffered ISPA and 75 for those who did not suffered ISPA. The instrument for this research is observation and questionnaire. Statistically value probability based on test result chi square ie density of dwelling (p = 0,021; OR = 0,32; CI 95% = 0,11-0,87), ventilation (p = 0,41; OR = 0,38; CI 95% = 0,14-0,98) and smoking (p = 0,006; OR = 2,62; CI 95% = 1,30-5,27) with events ISPA in the work area Puskesmas Amurang East South Minahasa District. There are interrelated by Dwelling Density with events ISPA, Ventilation with inciden ISPA, and Smoking with events ISPA.Keywords : Dwelling Density, Ventilation, Smoking, Events ISP

Akt Is S-Palmitoylated: A New Layer of Regulation for Akt

The protein kinase Akt/PKB participates in a great variety of processes, including translation, cell proliferation and survival, as well as malignant transformation and viral infection. In the last few years, novel Akt posttranslational modifications have been found. However, how these modification patterns affect Akt subcellular localization, target specificity and, in general, function is not thoroughly understood. Here, we postulate and experimentally demonstrate by acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) assay and (3)H-palmitate metabolic labeling that Akt is S-palmitoylated, a modification related to protein sorting throughout subcellular membranes. Mutating cysteine 344 into serine blocked Akt S-palmitoylation and diminished its phosphorylation at two key sites, T308 and T450. Particularly, we show that palmitoylation-deficient Akt increases its recruitment to cytoplasmic structures that colocalize with lysosomes, a process stimulated during autophagy. Finally, we found that cysteine 344 in Akt1 is important for proper its function, since Akt1-C344S was unable to support adipocyte cell differentiation in vitro. These results add an unexpected new layer to the already complex Akt molecular code, improving our understanding of cell decision-making mechanisms such as cell survival, differentiation and death