Psychological treatments and psychotherapies in the neurorehabilitation of pain. Evidences and recommendations from the italian consensus conference on pain in neurorehabilitation

BACKGROUND: It is increasingly recognized that treating pain is crucial for effective care within neurological rehabilitation in the setting of the neurological rehabilitation. The Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation was constituted with the purpose identifying best practices for us in this context. Along with drug therapies and physical interventions, psychological treatments have been proven to be some of the most valuable tools that can be used within a multidisciplinary approach for fostering a reduction in pain intensity. However, there is a need to elucidate what forms of psychotherapy could be effectively matched with the specific pathologies that are typically addressed by neurorehabilitation teams. OBJECTIVES: To extensively assess the available evidence which supports the use of psychological therapies for pain reduction in neurological diseases. METHODS: A systematic review of the studies evaluating the effect of psychotherapies on pain intensity in neurological disorders was performed through an electronic search using PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Based on the level of evidence of the included studies, recommendations were outlined separately for the different conditions. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 2352 results and the final database included 400 articles. The overall strength of the recommendations was medium/low. The different forms of psychological interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, cognitive or behavioral techniques, Mindfulness, hypnosis, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Brief Interpersonal Therapy, virtual reality interventions, various forms of biofeedback and mirror therapy were found to be effective for pain reduction in pathologies such as musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Central Post-Stroke pain, Phantom Limb Pain, pain secondary to Spinal Cord Injury, multiple sclerosis and other debilitating syndromes, diabetic neuropathy, Medically Unexplained Symptoms, migraine and headache. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological interventions and psychotherapies are safe and effective treatments that can be used within an integrated approach for patients undergoing neurological rehabilitation for pain. The different interventions can be specifically selected depending on the disease being treated. A table of evidence and recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation is also provided in the final part of the pape

What is the role of the placebo effect for pain relief in neurorehabilitation? Clinical implications from the Italian consensus conference on pain in neurorehabilitation

Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that the outcomes of medical treatments are influenced by the context of the clinical encounter through the mechanisms of the placebo effect. The phenomenon of placebo analgesia might be exploited to maximize the efficacy of neurorehabilitation treatments. Since its intensity varies across neurological disorders, the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCP) summarized the studies on this field to provide guidance on its use. Methods: A review of the existing reviews and meta-analyses was performed to assess the magnitude of the placebo effect in disorders that may undergo neurorehabilitation treatment. The search was performed on Pubmed using placebo, pain, and the names of neurological disorders as keywords. Methodological quality was assessed using a pre-existing checklist. Data about the magnitude of the placebo effect were extracted from the included reviews and were commented in a narrative form. Results: 11 articles were included in this review. Placebo treatments showed weak effects in central neuropathic pain (pain reduction from 0.44 to 0.66 on a 0-10 scale) and moderate effects in postherpetic neuralgia (1.16), in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (1.45), and in pain associated to HIV (1.82). Moderate effects were also found on pain due to fibromyalgia and migraine; only weak short-term effects were found in complex regional pain syndrome. Confounding variables might have influenced these results. Clinical implications: These estimates should be interpreted with caution, but underscore that the placebo effect can be exploited in neurorehabilitation programs. It is not necessary to conceal its use from the patient. Knowledge of placebo mechanisms can be used to shape the doctor-patient relationship, to reduce the use of analgesic drugs and to train the patient to become an active agent of the therapy

patrimonio intelectual

Actas de congresoLas VI Jornadas se realizaron con la exposición de ponencias que se incluyeron en cuatro ejes temáticos, que se desarrollaron de modo sucesivo para facilitar la asistencia, el intercambio y el debate, distribuidos en tres jornadas. Los ejes temáticos abordados fueron: 1. La enseñanza como proyecto de investigación. Recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje como mejoras de la calidad educativa. 2. La experimentación como proyecto de investigación. Del ensayo a la aplicabilidad territorial, urbana, arquitectónica y de diseño industrial. 3. Tiempo y espacio como proyecto de investigación. Sentido, destino y usos del patrimonio construido y simbólico. 4. Idea constructiva, formulación y ejecución como proyecto de investigación. Búsqueda y elaboración de resultados que conforman los proyectos de la arquitectura y el diseño

Contralateral Antalgic Effect of High-Frequency Transcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the analgesic effect of high-frequency transcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (HF-TPNS) in the ipsilateral and contralateral skin territory of the stimulated nerve. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-over study. SETTING: Clinical neurophysiology unit, institutional care, rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy volunteers (5 male, 5 female). METHODS: Participants underwent 3 different sessions. In the first, heat pain thresholds (HPTs) were measured on the left dorsal hand skin without stimulation; in the second and third sessions, HPTs were measured, respectively, in the territory of the left and right radial nerve before, during, and after an electrical stimulation (10 minutes, 100 Hz, 0.1 ms) of the left superficial radial nerve. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Heat pain threshold. RESULTS: An increase of HPTs was observed in the skin territory of both right and left radial nerve during and after the left radial nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates an analgesic effect of HF-TPNS not only in the ipsilateral but also in the contralateral side of stimulation, suggesting a possible role of contralateral HF-TPNS in the treatment by physical therapy of patients with unilateral pain syndromes

Objective Clinical Assessment of Posture Patterns after Implant Breast Augmentation

An increased weight of the breasts causes several spinal postural alterations that reduce the ability to perform dynamic tasks requiring a stable balance. The effects of the increased weight of the breasts on static posture after implant breast augmentation have not been investigated yet

Platysma synkinesis in facial palsy and botulinum toxin type A.

Facial synkinesis is a well-known disabling occurrence following severe facial palsy. Platysma muscle, innervated by the facial nerve, can be involved in synkinesis as well, but thus far has been little investigated. The aim of our study is to evaluate the presence of platysma synkinesis and its clinical evolution after onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) (Botox(®) ; Allergan Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, CA) injections.Retrospective study.Sixty-nine patients were treated for synkinesis following facial palsy. Of those, 45 were affected by platysma synkinesis and thus were injected in the platysma muscle. The total number of sessions was 124. The Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) and a specific platysmal evaluation for the presence and severity of synkinesis and local symptoms were performed before and after BoNT-A treatments.Platysma synkinesis was present in 65.2\% of the sample and was associated with subjective complaints in 85.5\% of the cases. The facial expressions more related to platysma synkinesis were snarl, followed by open-mouth smile and lip pucker. After each BoNT-A treatment, there was an improvement in facial symmetry at rest and during voluntary movements, a global reduction of synkinesis, and a specific reduction of synkinesis and symptoms related to the platysma. No adverse reaction to BoNT-A occurred.Platysma involvement represents a recurring and symptomatic problem in patients affected by synkinetic recovery following facial palsy. After BoNT-A injections, there is a reduction in platysma synkinesis and related symptoms.4

Long-term facial improvement after repeated BoNT-A injections and mirror biofeedback exercises for chronic facial synkinesis: a case-series study

BACKGROUND: Only few studies have considered the effects of the combined treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) injections and biofeedback (BFB) rehabilitation in the recovery of postparetic facial synkinesis (PPFS). AIM: To explore the presence of a persistent improvement in facial function out of the pharmacological effect of BoNT-A in subjects with established PPFS, after repeated sessions of BoNT-A injections combined with an educational facial training program using mirror biofeedback (BFB) exercises. Secondary objective was to investigate the trend of the presumed persistent improvement. STUDY DESIGN: Case-series study. SETTING: Outpatient Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit. POPULATION: Twenty-seven patients (22 females; mean age 45±16 years) affected by an established peripheral facial palsy, treated with a minimum of three BoNT-A injections in association with mirror BFB rehabilitation. The interval between consecutive BoNT-A injections was at least five months. METHODS: At baseline and before every BoNT-A injection+mirror BFB session (when the effect of the previous BoNT-A injection had vanished), patients were assessed with the Italian version of Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SB). The statistical analysis considered SB composite and partial scores before each treatment session compared to the baseline scores. RESULTS: A significant improvement of the SB composite and partial scores was observed until the fourth session. Considering the "Symmetry of Voluntary Movement" partial score, the main improvement was observed in the muscles of the lower part of the face. CONCLUSIONS: In a chronic stage of postparetic facial synkinesis, patients may benefit from a combined therapy with repeated BoNT-A injections and an educational facial training program with mirror BFB exercises, gaining an improvement of the facial function up to the fourth session. This improvement reflects the acquired ability to use facial muscle correctly. It doesn't involve the injected muscles but those trained with mirror biofeedback exercises and it persists also when BoNT-A action has vanished. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The combined therapy with repeated BoNT-A injections and an educational facial training program using mirror BFB exercises may be useful in the motor recovery of the muscles of the lower part of the face not injected but traine

Una metodica innovativa per la valutazione quantitativa di abilità visuomotorie

Le abilità visuomotorie sono alla base di una vasta gamma di azioni quotidiane. La corretta programmazione del recupero di pazienti che, a seguito di menomazioni a carico del sistema nervoso centrale, subiscono una compromissione di tali abilità, richiede lo sviluppo di sistemi di valutazione in grado di stabilire quantitativamente quale dei livelli di organizzazione del sistema visuomotorio sia coinvolto. Basandoci sulle assunzioni proposte agli inizi degli anni Novanta da Milner e Goodale riguardo all’esistenza di due vie di processamento dell’informazione visiva (ventral stream e dorsal stream) che interagiscono nella pianificazione e nella programmazione del movimento, il nostro studio si è proposto di validare l’utilizzo di una metodica in grado di valutare quantitativamente e selettivamente le abilità percettive e visuomotorie connesse, rispettivamente, a tali vie. Diciannove soggetti non patologici destrimani (età media 22.8 anni ±3.18) hanno partecipato all’esperimento. Sono state somministrate prove di puntamento ritardato, di pantomima di distanza ritardata e di indicazione della posizione opposta a quella ricordata sull’asse orizzontale per la valutazione del ventral stream; prove di afferramento e di puntamento immediato per la valutazione del dorsal stream. Le varie prove sono state filmate ed elaborate con il software di videoanalisi Dartfish ProSuite. L’analisi statistica dei risultati ha confermato vari pattern già noti in letteratura tra cui la predominanza attenzionale per i campi visivi in alto a sinistra, la predominanza del tono flessorio nei movimenti dell’arto superiore eseguiti nello spazio peripersonale prossimale, la tendenza a sovrastimare distanze ridotte e a sottostimare distanze maggiori, l’evitamento di stimoli di riferimento. Pertanto possiamo concludere che la metodica è affidabile ed è resa vantaggiosa dalle caratteristiche di relativa semplicità e completa trasportabilit

Letter to Editor

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immunologically based inflammatory condition of the brain. EA often manifests with psychotic symptomatology and should be considered by all clinical psychiatrists as an alternative diagnosis for early psychotic episodes. Awareness of these conditions supports stronger cooperation between neurologists and psychiatrist