Survey of Credit Rating Methodologies of Mutual Funds: Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s

Credit rating literature attracted attention of academics since the subprime crisis 2008. In the wake of the crisis hundred billion dollars’ worth securities that were awarded AAA rating by the world’s leading credit rating agencies downgraded to junk. So is the survey on credit rating methodology. This work intends to survey the methodologies Moody’s and S&P follow in assessing the performance of equity funds and debt funds. The authors conclude that in these rating methodologies of S&P and Moody’s the link between equity fund and debt fund, i.e. how downgrade of debt fund can lead to downgrade of equity fund is not captured. Secondly Moody’s shakes off or manages the risk of loss of goodwill in the wake of failure of short term debt fund rating in the case of certain systemic factors like suspending or discouraging withdrawals and redemptions, by prescribing automatic downgrade to junk

Survey of Credit Rating Methodologies of Mutual Funds: Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s

Credit rating literature attracted attention of academics since the subprime crisis 2008. In the wake of the crisis hundred billion dollars’ worth securities that were awarded AAA rating by the world’s leading credit rating agencies downgraded to junk. So is the survey on credit rating methodology. This work intends to survey the methodologies Moody’s and S&P follow in assessing the performance of equity funds and debt funds. The authors conclude that in these rating methodologies of S&P and Moody’s the link between equity fund and debt fund, i.e. how downgrade of debt fund can lead to downgrade of equity fund is not captured. Secondly Moody’s shakes off or manages the risk of loss of goodwill in the wake of failure of short term debt fund rating in the case of certain systemic factors like suspending or discouraging withdrawals and redemptions, by prescribing automatic downgrade to junk

Enhancing Orthodontic Pain Management: A vision for Improved Patient Comfort

Pain is a common concern in orthodontic treatment, resulting from inflammatory responses triggered by force application. This review explores the characteristics, mechanisms, causes, and management strategies for orthodontic pain. Patient-specific factors, including age, gender, and anxiety, contribute to pain perception. Pain typically peaks shortly after orthodontic procedures and diminishes gradually. Orthodontic Pain management encompasses pharmacological interventions (NSAIDs, analgesics), mechanical methods (chewing gum, laser therapy), and behavioral approaches (CBT, physical activity). Modifications in orthodontic procedures, such as using Ni-Ti wires and alternatives to traditional appliances, have been introduced to alleviate pain. These advances have transformed the orthodontic experience, making it more tolerable and enhancing treatment outcomes. Overall, this review provides insights into orthodontic pain and its management, benefiting both patients and practitioners in achieving successful orthodontic treatmen

Siliciclastic–carbonate mixing modes in the river-mouth bar palaeogeography of the Upper Cretaceous Garudamangalam Sandstone (Ariyalur, India)

AbstractMixed siliciclastic–carbonate rocks constitute the Upper Cretaceous Garuda-mangalam Sandstone Formation, Ariyalur (India), and offer an opportunity to look into the broad spectrum of mixing of compositionally and genetically different components. The palaeogeographic reconstruction indicates that deposition in the nearshore zone differed strongly in energy and active processes operatives due to the presence of a shore-parallel river-mouth bar. The western wing of the Mississippi bird-foot delta is considered to be a present-day analogon. Facies analysis in combination with petrography clearly shows the variability in palaeoenvironmental characteristics, both biogenic and non-biogenic. It also indicates diagenetic uptake of carbonate that filled empty spaces and actively replaced original components. Chemical staining followed by limited application of cathodoluminescence and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) hint at intricacies in mixing arising from the compositional variations in the carbonate components. A model of siliciclastic–carbonate sediment mixing, including both the depositional and diagenetic developments, is presented; it is aimed at generating a better overview of, and a deeper insight into, the physical and chemical mechanisms involved

MIDLINE DIASTEMA WITH LOWER ANTERIOR CROWDING

Midline diastema and dental crowding are common dental conditions that can affect a person's appearance and oral health. This study found that midline diastema is prevalent in adult patients in eastern India, with abnormal labial frenum attachment being the most common cause. The study also found that there is a correlation between midline diastema and lower anterior crowding

Investigating the Health of a Rice Field Ecosystem Using Thermodynamic Extremal Principles

This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of a rice field ecosystem and aims to define its integral features using the stability concept of an ecological goal function. This function is based on the extremal principles of thermodynamics, which assume that certain energetic processes of ecosystems—such as the rate of exergy destruction—are directed by the self-organizing informatics of the systems towards maxima or minima.  In our study, we exploit the availability of substantially long time-series data relating to a rice field ecosystem to gain an evocative understanding of its growth trajectory in light of the thermodynamic principles. We accomplished this by constructing a model based on the STELLA 9.0 software and calculating the extremal values of growth rates (storage) and those of exergy destruction and entropy creation. The results showed that the values of both maximum dissipation and maximum exergy progressed apace with that of maximum storage till the maturation of rice and became stable thereafter, whereas maximum residence time and maximum specific dissipation values initially decreased before their asymptotic rise. A similar pattern was also observed for the maximum specific exergy. However, the maximum power dissipation curve followed a highly fluctuated course before becoming stable on the maturation of rice

DFT study for radical capture by mitochondria oxidotoxin protective ionic and non-ionic amphiphilic α-phenyl-N-<i>t</i>-butyl nitrone derivatives

9-20DFT analysis for radical capture by a series of biologically active amphiphilic α-phenyl-N-t-butyl nitrone derivatives has been reported in the present study. A detailed analysis of global and local reactivity descriptors has been presented from both natural and electrostatic based charges. Reactivities of the investigated nitrones for radical capture have been compared by interaction energy calculations derived from a perturbative orbital independent theoretical model. The transition states for radical attacks have been located and the activation barriers for radical capture are calculated. The cis attack is found to be energetically favored in each case. Finally, the hyperfine splitting constants have been computed and compared with the reported experimental findings

Price Discovery Efficiency and Resilience of Financial Futures - A Case Study of Indian Banking Sector

India has proven to be the second most attractive emerging market among other large emerging economies in world. S&P has predicted India to be the one among fastest growing emerging markets in FY’22. According to Morgan Stanley report, banking is found to be the dominant sector in most of the emerging markets. Hence the banking sector in an emerging economy like India has the potential to attract fresh investment, so as their financial derivatives instruments. In this backdrop, the present work explores the price discovery mechanism between futures and spot markets in particular to Indian banking industry to bring forth sector specific insights. Alongside the paper tries to capture the impact of global slowdown due to Covid-19 pandemic during 2020-21on the Indian banking industry to check for its ‘resilience’ which is always a major concern for any emerging markets. The authors have used Bi-variate VEC-EGARCH framework to examine the price-discovery mechanism in the Bank-Nifty futures and spot markets. The short run impact of Covid-19 shock is measured with help of the ‘market model’ under ‘event study’ methodology