Prévalence et facteurs de risque de la fièvre aphteuse dans le marché à bétail de Garoua-Boulai et dans la zone de transhumance du Lom et Djerem à l’Est du Cameroun

La fièvre aphteuse (FA) est une maladie transfrontalière qui affecte les ongulés domestiques et sauvages. Elle joue un rôle très important en économie du fait de sa morbidité élevée et de sa restriction du commerce international. En vue de déterminer la prévalence de la FA bovine et les facteurs de risque de transmission de la maladie au marché à bétail de Garoua-Boulaï et dans la zone de transhumance du département du Lom et Djerem à l’Est-Cameroun, une étude rétrospective et transversale a été menée de juin à décembre 2018. Au marché à bétail, l’étude a porté sur l’observation des signes cliniques caractéristiques sur des animaux suspects. Ainsi, 58 bovins atteints de FA ont été identifiés parmi les 614 bovins suspects, soit une prévalence clinique globale de 9,44% (IC95% : 7,13% - 11,76%). Les facteurs internes tels que le sexe n’ont pas influencé la prévalence de la FA. Dans la zone de transhumance, la prévalence rapportée au niveau individuel était de 26,77%. Tous les éleveurs connaissent la FA et ont cité plus de 3 signes cliniques caractéristiques de la maladie. Le fait de considérer la FA comme une maladie mineure, la faible connaissance des sources, des réservoirs et du mode de contamination du virus aphteux par toute la chaine de valeur bovine, expliquent l’endémicité de la maladie dans ces zones.Mots clés : Prévalence, facteurs de risque, fièvre aphteuse bovine, Garoua-Boulai, Lom et Djerem

“Silent” circulation of Trypanosoma spp. in Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Cattle in a Tsetse free Range land of Ngaoundere (Adamawa-Cameroon)

The Adamawa region falls within the tsetse belt of Cameroon but harbours isolated pockets of tsetse free range lands like Ngaoundere. There is no report on the occurrence of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Ngaoundere. To provide information on this subject, two Vavoua traps were used to trap vectors of bovine trypanosomiasis and at the same time, blood was collected from cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat of cattle blood (n=42) and biting flies (n=53). The nested PCR was used to screen the samples for Trypanosoma spp. During the 14 days of trapping in November and December 2017 in Ngaoundere, 127 flies were documented and classified under two taxa: Tabanidae and Stomoxyini. Three Trypanosoma spp. DNA was isolated from tabanid (18.9%) samples and identified as T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi and two of them that is T. theileri (4%) and T. vivax (3%) were also detected in cattle (7%). There was no case of trypanosome DNA isolated from all the screened Stomoxyini. This result indicates the “silent” transmission of T. theileri and T. vivax by tabanids in the absence of glossines in Ngaoundere.Keywords: Trypanosomes, tabanids, stomoxyini, PCR, Ngaoundere, Adamawa-Cameroon

Caractérisation de Trypanosoma sp chez les animaux domestiques dans quatre foyers de la partie Ouest de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)

En vue d’identifier les trypanosomes circulants chez les animaux domestiques de Kinshasa, Mbanza-Ngungu, Masi-Manimba et Mushie et d’en déterminer les prévalences par PCR, une étude longitudinale a été menée. 1653 échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés chez les animaux domestiques dans les foyers de Kinshasa, Mbanza-Ngungu, Masi-Manimba et Mushie, dont 22 cas ont été positif au Trypanosoma congolense Forest, correspondant à une prévalence brute de 1,3%. Pour ce qui est des foyers, Kinshasa a eu une prévalence de 2,5%, Mbanza-Ngungu une prévalence de 2,4%, Masi-Manimba sans aucune prévalence et Mushie une prévalence de 1,3%. En rapport avec les saisons, la saison de pluie a eu une prévalence de 1,4%, alors que la saison sèche en a eu 1,3%. Concernant les espèces, les bovins ont eu une prévalence de 0,9%, les porcins une prévalence de 3,7%, les ovins une prévalence de 1,4% et les caprins une prévalence de 0,7%. Quant au sexe, les mâles ont eu une prévalence de 0,9%, alors que les femelles en ont eu 1,5%. Cette étude a montré que la Trypanosomiase Animale Africaine (TAA) serait en recul chez les animaux de ces quatre foyers. Ainsi, les cliniciens sur terrain devraient réorienter leur stratégie thérapeutique, en intégrant cette nouvelle donne. Mots clés: Trypanosoma sp, Animaux domestiques, Ouest RDCIn order to identify circulating trypanosomes in Kinshasa, Mbanza Ngungu, Masi Manimba and Mushie domestic animals and to determine their prevalence by PCR, a longitudinal study was conducted. 1653 blood samples were collected from domestic animals in the Kinshasa, Mbanza Ngungu, Masi Manimba and Mushie households, of which 22 were positive for Trypanosoma congolense Forest, corresponding to a gross prevalence of 1.3%. As for households, Kinshasa had a prevalence of 2.5%, Mbanza Ngungu a prevalence of 2.4%, Masi Manimba without any prevalence and Mushie a prevalence of 1.3%. In relation to the seasons, the rainy season had a prevalence of 1.4% while the dry season had a prevalence of 1.3%. Regarding species, cattle had a prevalence of 0.9%, pigs a prevalence of 3.7%, sheep a prevalence of 1.4% and goats a prevalence of 0.7%. As for sex, males had a prevalence of 0.9% while females had a prevalence of 1.5%. This study showed that African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is declining among animals in these four locations Thus, clinicians in the field should take into account this new situation in their therapeutic strategy. Keywords: Trypanosoma sp, Domestic animals, West DR

Assessment of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) vulnerability in cattle-owning communities of sub-Saharan Africa

Background: Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the biggest constraints to livestock production and a threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to optimise the allocation of resources for AAT control, decision makers need to target geographic areas where control programmes are most likely to be successful and sustainable and select control methods that will maximise the benefits obtained from resources invested. Methods: The overall approach to classifying cattle-owning communities in terms of AAT vulnerability was based on the selection of key variables collected through field surveys in five sub-Saharan Africa countries followed by a formal Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to identify factors explaining the variations between areas. To categorise the communities in terms of AAT vulnerability profiles, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed. Results: Three clusters of community vulnerability profiles were identified based on farmers’ beliefs with respect to trypanosomiasis control within the five countries studied. Cluster 1 communities, mainly identified in Cameroon, reported constant AAT burden, had large trypanosensitive (average herd size = 57) communal grazing cattle herds. Livestock (cattle and small ruminants) were reportedly the primary source of income in the majority of these cattle-owning households (87.0 %). Cluster 2 communities identified mainly in Burkina Faso and Zambia, with some Ethiopian communities had moderate herd sizes (average = 16) and some trypanotolerant breeds (31.7 %) practicing communal grazing. In these communities there were some concerns regarding the development of trypanocide resistance. Crops were the primary income source while communities in this cluster incurred some financial losses due to diminished draft power. The third cluster contained mainly Ugandan and Ethiopian communities which were mixed farmers with smaller herd sizes (average = 8). The costs spent diagnosing and treating AAT were moderate here. Conclusions: Understanding how cattle-owners are affected by AAT and their efforts to manage the disease is critical to the design of suitable locally-adapted control programmes. It is expected that the results could inform priority setting and the development of tailored recommendations for AAT control strategies

Effets comparés de la substitution partielle du tourteau de soja par la farine d’asticots séchés dans des rations alimentaires sur les performances zootechniques des poulets de chair à Ngaoundéré au Cameroun

Les asticots sont une source importante de protéines animales faiblement valorisées dans l’alimentation des poulets de chair. L’étude a été menée dans le but d’analyser et d’évaluer les effets comparés de l’utilisation du tourteau de soja et la farine d’asticots dans les rations alimentaires de démarrage et de croissance sur les performances zootechniques des poulets de chair à Ngaoundéré au Cameroun. Le gain de poids pour les périodes de démarrage et de fin de croissance était élevé chez les poulets nourris avec des rations contenant la farine d’asticots séchés comparé aux sujets témoins, nourris avec la ration contenant uniquement du tourteau de soja. Pendant toute la durée des essais, on n’a pas observé une différence significative (p>0,05) entre les différentes rations pour l’indice de consommation et la consommation des aliments. Néanmoins, une meilleure utilisation des aliments était constatée chez les sujets nourris à la ration à base de farine d’asticots séchés. Les mortalités ont été relativement élevées au démarrage. D’un point de vue technique et économique, la farine d’asticots séchés pourrait mieux remplacer le tourteau de soja à un faible taux (10%) dans les aliments des poulets de chair et être recommandée en aviculture.   English title: Comparative effects of partial substitution of soybean meal by dried maggot flour in feed rations on the zootechnical performances of broilers in Ngaoundere in Cameroon Maggots are an important source of low value animal protein in the diet of broilers. The study has been carried out with the aim of analyzing and evaluating the comparative effects of the use of soybean meal and dried maggot meal in starter and growth feed rations on the zootechnical performances of chickens from flesh in Ngaoundere in Cameroon. Weight gain for the start and end of growth periods was high in chickens fed rations containing dried maggot meal compared to controls fed rations containing only soybean meal. During the entire duration of the tests, a significant difference (p>0,05) between the different rations was not observed for the consumption index and the food consumption. However, improved feed utilization has been observed in subjects fed the dried maggot meal ration. Mortalities were relatively high at start-up. From technical and economic point of view, the meal of dried maggot could better replace soybean meal at a rate of 10% in the feed of broilers and be recommended in poultry farming

EFFECTS OF CYPERMETHRIN ON GROWTH, BIOCHEMICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN MALE QUAILS (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed to determine the effects of cypermethrin insecticide on growth, biochemical and reproductive parameters in male Japanese quail(Coturnix japonica). Seventy-two (72) male quails of equivalent body weights (185.96±1.74g) were divided into four groups of 18 birds each. Groupsreceived either 0, 130, 285, or 655 mg of cypermethrin/kg of feed for six weeks. Cypermethrin resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in feedintake, live body weight, and bodyweight gain compared to the control. Liver and kidney weight increased significantly (p<0.05). However, heartweight decreased significantly compared with control. Histological structures of the liver and kidney demonstrated leucocytic infiltration, and in thekidney, glomerulonephritis was present. Biochemically, serum levels of ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea significantly (p<0.05) reduced in all groupsreceiving Cypermethrin compared to the control group. For reproductive parameters, Cypermethrin resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease intestes weight, testosterone concentration, sperm cells concentration, and motility. At the testes level, it was observed degeneration of Sertoli cells,incrementing the lumen of seminiferous tubes, and decreasing spermatogenesis. These results confirm the toxicity of Cypermethrin in male quail. RESUMENEste estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los efectos del insecticida cipermetrina sobre los parámetros de crecimiento, bioquímicos y reproductivosde la codorniz japonesa macho (Coturnix japonica). Setenta y dos (72) codornices macho de pesos corporales equivalentes (185,96±1,74 g) se dividieronen cuatro grupos de 18 aves cada uno. Los grupos recibieron 0, 130, 285 o 655 mg de cipermetrina/kg de alimento durante seis semanas. Lacipermetrina resultó en una disminución significativa (p <0.05) en la ingesta de alimento, el peso corporal vivo y la ganancia de peso corporal encomparación con el control. El peso del hígado y los riñones aumentaron significativamente (p <0,05). Sin embargo, el peso del corazón disminuyósignificativamente en comparación con el control. Las estructuras histológicas del hígado y riñón demostraron infiltración leucocitaria, y en el riñónademás se observó glomerulonefritis. Bioquímicamente, los niveles séricos de ALT, AST, creatinina y urea se redujeron significativamente (p <0,05)en todos los grupos que recibieron cipermetrina en comparación con el grupo de control. Para los parámetros reproductivos, la cipermetrina resultóen una disminución significativa (p <0.05) en el peso de los testículos, la concentración de testosterona, la concentración de espermatozoides y lamotilidad. A nivel de los testículos, se observó degeneración de las células de Sertoli, aumento del lumen de los tubos seminíferos y disminución dela espermatogénesis. Estos resultados confirman la toxicidad de la cipermetrina en la codorniz macho

Change in packed-cell volume in Sarkimata (Adamaoua region, Cameroon) according to the treatment category.

<p>Red stars represent the mean value of PCV and grey points individual data. Note that some dots are superposed and thus not visible.</p

Trypanosomes prevalence of the control and treated cattle.

<p>Treated cattle received a pour-on formulation of Vectoclor at the start of the study. Points represent the mean value of trypanosomes prevalence and vertical bars the standard error.</p

Protective rate against <i>G</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>gambiensis</i> blood meal since the initial treatment (in days).

<p>Protective rate against <i>G</i>. <i>p</i>. <i>gambiensis</i> blood meal since the initial treatment (in days).</p