Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Alters the mRNA Cytokine Profile from Mouse Macrophages Challenged with Streptococcus uberis

The objective of this study was to determine if β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) altered inflammatory responses in macrophages challenged with a common mastitis pathogen, Streptococcus uberis. Mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 line) were cultured either in the presence or absence of BHB for 24 h, and then challenged or not with S. uberis. Relative transcript abundance of cell membrane receptors (TLR2 and GPR109a), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα, and TGFβ), and chemokines (CXCL2 and CCL5) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and normalized against the geometric mean of HPRT and B2M. Streptococcus uberis activated the macrophages, noted by greater transcript abundance of analyzed genes. Intriguingly, S. uberis increased GPR109a mRNA abundance, a receptor that is activated by BHB. Consequently, BHB dose-dependently increased transcript abundance of the pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) but had no effect on TNFα or TGFβ. Moreover, BHB increased mRNA abundance of the chemokines, CXCL2 and CCL5. These data suggest a dysregulated immune response toward S. uberis due to BHB treatment, similar to what is seen in transition dairy cows. Future studies should be conducted in vivo to test the effect of BHB on immune function during an intramammary challenge

Effects of Dietary Zinc Source and Level on Mammary Epithelia and Dairy Food Chemistry

Twelve lactating Holstein cows (132 ± 21 days in milk) were enrolled in a Latin square experiment to explore the extent to which source and amount of supplemental dietary Zn can impact barrier function of mammary epithelial tissue. Cows received either 970 mg supplemental Zn/day as ZnSO4 (LS), 1,640 mg supplemental Zn/day as ZnSO4 (HS), or 1,680 mg supplemental Zn/day as a mixture of ZnSO4 and Zn methionine complex (HC). Treatments lasted for 17 days followed by 4 days of sample collection. Blood and milk were collected and analyzed for markers of blood-milk leak including plasma lactose and α-lactalbumin and milk electrolytes. Total RNA was also isolated from milk cells and abundance of Zn transporter 2 (ZnT2) and clusterin, genes with potential impact on Zn-dependent apoptosis and cell survival, were measured. Finally, dairy food properties of milk (heat coagulation time, nonprotein nitrogen, and noncasein nitrogen) were also analyzed. Cows on the HS treatment tended to have higher feed intake than LS (P = 0.06), and milk fat percentage tended to increase for HC compared to LS (P = 0.08). No other effects on milk composition, yield, or production efficiency were observed. No effects were observed on markers of blood-milk leak, mRNA abundance of ZnT2 or clusterin, or dairy food chemistry properties. Concentration and source of dietary Zn did not impact mammary epithelial integrity in lactating cows during late lactation

Clinical and Pathogenetic TLR Description

Last decade heightened interest to innate immunity in different areas of medicine is observed. In article the known data for today about a role of factors of innate immunity (toll-receptors) in pathological process is reflected, the basic cascade of the reactions started by means of TLR is displayed, the role pattern-recognition receptors is underlined at inflammatory bowel diseases

О комбинациях гармоник и полиномов в эконометрическом моделировании курсовых изменений RUB/AZN

Conducting a combinational polynomial and spectral analysis of time series formed on the basis of daily observations of changes in the RUB/AZN exchange rate with pronounced fluctuations for the period 11.05.2017- 02.11.2018 based on computer econometric modeling.The purpose of the research. The possibility of describing the global rate dynamics by approximation with a combination of a nonlinear polynomial trend and harmonic oscillations of various frequencies relative to this curve; the ability to calculate amplitudes and phases, which can be used to estimate the power spectrum of the Fourier approximation; the ability to develop a high-precision algorithm for predicting exchange rate changes in RUB/AZN.Materials and methodology. The official statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan were used; classical methods of mathematical analysis and economic analysis; methods of econometrics, harmonic (Fourier) analysis, statistical spectral analysis, “Fourier analysis” of the MS Excel add-in, tools of the Eviews 8 application package with the standard deviation and average approximation error being taken into account, the necessary statistical procedures required for identifying and estimating the parameters of the model and checking its adequacy and accuracy.Results. By breaking up the empirical analysis of given time series into time-scale polynomial and time-frequency components. Combinations of the optimal degree of variants of polynomials up to the 11th degree and the number of harmonics of sines and cosines of all possible discrete frequencies were revealed.Conclusion. This result allows us to reconsider the asymmetric impact of RUB/AZN exchange rate pressure on the foreign trade balance between Russia and Azerbaijan. An increase/decrease in exchange rate pressure affects the likelihood of a ruble-manat crisis, while this phenomenon may negatively/positively affect the foreign trade balance and may make it difficult/easier to import resources, goods and services between countries. This, in turn, adds significance to the task of further detailed structuring and analysis of exchange rate changes in RUB/AZN in the face of increased sanction pressures against Russia, thereby actualizing the development of the retrospective part of the study.Проведение комбинационного полиномиального и спектрального анализа временных рядов, сформированных на основе ежедневных наблюдений за изменениями курса RUB/AZN с выраженными колебаниями за период 11.05.2017-02.11.2018 на основе компьютерного эконометрического моделирования.Цель исследования. Возможность описания глобальной динамики курса аппроксимацией с сочетанием нелинейного полиномиального тренда и гармонических колебаний различных частот относительно этой кривой; возможность вычисления амплитуд и фаз, которые можно использовать для оценок спектра мощности аппроксимации Фурье; возможность выработки высокоточного алгоритма для прогнозирования курсовых изменений RUB/AZN.Материалы и методология. Использованы официальные статистические данные госкомстата Азербайджана; классические методы математического анализа и экономического анализа; применены методы эконометрики, гармонического (Фурье) анализа, статистического спектрального анализа, «Анализ Фурье» надстройки MS Excel, инструменты пакета прикладных программ Eviews 8 с учетом показателей среднеквадратичного отклонения и средней ошибки аппроксимации, необходимые статистические процедуры, требуемые для идентификации и оценки параметров модели и проверки ее адекватности и точности.Результаты. Разбивая эмпирический анализ заданных временных рядов на полиномиальные по временной шкале и частотно-временные компоненты. Выявлены комбинации оптимальной степени вариантов полиномов до 11-ой степени и число гармоник синусов и косинусов всех возможных дискретных частот.Заключение. Этот результат позволяет пересмотреть асимметрическое воздействие давления курса RUB/AZN на внешнеторговый баланс между Россией и Азербайджаном. Увеличение/уменьшение давления курса влияет на вероятность кризиса рубля-маната, в то время как это явление может отрицательно/положительно повлиять на внешнеторговый баланс и может затруднить/облегчить импортирование ресурсов, товаров и услуг между странами. Это в свою очередь делает основательной задачу дальнейшего детального структурирования и анализа курсовых изменений RUB/AZN в условиях усиленных санкционных давлений против России, тем самым актуализируя развитие ретроспективной части исследования

Combined Risk Factors and Digestive Disorders in Mid-Lactation Holstein Cows: A Case Study

Digestive disorders can be a significant cause of disease on dairies and are frustrating because of their unpredictability. Diets that may support excellent health in most cases may nonetheless result in significant gastrointestinal disease, even leading to deadly conditions such as hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. To our knowledge, there is limited research on these conditions, as many risk factors fail to reproduce disease when experimentally administered to cows, leading many to conclude that these disorders are generally multifactorial in nature and difficult to replicate. In this case study, we document the outbreak and resolution of digestive disorders among 15 control cows enrolled in a larger production study. Over 14 weeks, cows were individually fed, with milk yield and composition, blood variables, and health observations recorded. The diet included drought-stressed corn silage that introduced difficulties including low energy density, high dry matter content (making it unstable at feedout), and mycotoxin contamination. By weeks 4–5 on the study, sporadic diarrhea began to appear and milk fat content had dropped from 3.7% to 3.4%, on average. Coincident with the onset of environmental heat stress, three cows developed severe digestive disorders, resulting in a displaced abomasum in one cow. At that point, the diet was changed to replace some corn silage with wheat straw, a direct-fed microbial was added to the diet, and organic acid treatment of the silage face was initiated. Within a month after these changes were implemented, essentially all signs of digestive problems resolved, including milk fat content, fecal consistency, and blood plasma concentrations of haptoglobin and D-lactate. This case study points to multiple factors that likely combined to lead to microbial and gastrointestinal disruptions resulting in clinical disease in a subset of cows

Some characteristics of low-amplitude cardiac signals

We present the results of an experimental study of the low-amplitude cardiac signals without temporal and spatial averaging. The characteristics of the fluctuation and quasi-periodic components of the low-amplitude signals are determined statistically reliably for the first time. The results of the studies of the periodic and quasi-periodic components obtained from the long-term measurement data are reported. It is found that the structure of the frequency characteristics of low-amplitude signals has pronounced temporal variability in the neighboring cardiac cycles. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

High-definition electrocardiography potential in identifying the reasons for unstable clinical course of coronary heart disease

Aim: To investigate the correlation between clinical and morphological characteristics of coronary heart disease (CHD) and high-definition electrocardiography (HD-ECG) parameters. Material and methods: In total, 85 patients with unstable angina and ST segment depression (ST-UA) underwent HD-ECG during the angina attack, with late ventricular potential (LVP) analysis. One-year survival data were also analysed. Post-mortem histological examination of cardiac tissue was performed in 6 patients with ST-UA. Results: The important morphologic features of ST-UA included cardiomyocyte (CMC) dystrophy, due to acute and chronic myocardial ischemia, and acute injury in the cardiac conduction areas. LVPs were registered in 27 % of the ST-UA patients, mostly among people with transient myocardial ischemia (69,57 %). In patients who previously underwent myocardial infarction, LVP prevalence was lower (28,57 %). At the early stages of hospitalization, LVP were registered in 14 patients (60,87 %), while pharmacotherapy and clinical course stabilization were associated with decreased LVP prevalence (21,74 %). The study results suggest that in patients with acute coronary syndrome, LVP registration predicts not an adverse outcome, but a better prognosis. Conclusion: ST-UA is characterised by typical changes of CMC and myocardial stroma in posterior septal area, which result in metabolic, energetic, and electrical myocardial instability. LVPs could be used as a marker of functional (ischemic) myocardial heterogeneity in patients with ST-UA. LVP registration could be associated with a better prognosis in this clinical group

Речеповеденческие стратегии межкультурной коммуникации

Данное исследование посвящено изучению речеповеденческих стратегий в контексте межкультурной коммуникации в методике преподавания английского языка с помощью аутентичных видеороликов. Исследование затрагивает значимые источники образовательных ценностей старшеклассников. Целью исследования является разработка методики обучения студентов. Исследование позволяет сделать вывод: есть некоторые стратегии, которым следует обучать на уроках английского языка для успешной межкультурной коммуникации.This research deals with a study of speech-behavioral strategies in the context of intercultural communication in the methodology of teaching English through authentic videos. The study touches upon the significant sources of educational values of high school students. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for teaching students. The research arrives at a conclusion: there are some strategies should be taught at the lessons of English for successful intercultural communication

Complex-Radical Terpolymerization of Maleic Anhydride (Styrene), Allyl Propionate and Methyl Methacrylate

The radical terpolymerization reactions of the acceptor-donor-acceptor and donor-acceptor-donor systems, maleic anhydride (MA)-allyl propionate (AP)-methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St)-MMA-AP, had been studied. The terpolymerizations were carried out in methyl ethyl ketone at 60-75 °C in the presence of 2,2’-azoisobutyronitrile (ABIN) used as the initiator. Some kinetic parameters and copolymerization constants - for both, system were determined by dilatometric and Kelen-Tudos or Seiner-Lift methods. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the free monomer and complex chain growth models. It is shown that terpolymerization was carried out at a stage close to binary copolymerization of MA...AP complex with free MMA and St...MMA complex with AP in the both studied system, respectively. These systems are also used as model for interpretation of cyclocopolymerization mechanism in allyl methactylate-MA (or St) system. DTA and TGA analyses indicated the relatively high thermal stability of St-MMA-AP terpolymer. It is shown that this terpolymer decomposes through a one-step reaction at 310 °C, however MA-AP-MMA terpolymer decomposes through a multi-step reactions at 150, 260 and 310 °C

DYNAMICALLY DETERMINE TOLL-RECEPTORS PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Purpose: Dynamic determination of TLR 2,4,6 in patients with relapsed UC with an assessment of the use of indicators characterizing the state of TLR, as markers of remission.Materials and Methods: The study included 86 patients with recurrent UC, 39 of which have reached clinical and endoscopic remission. TLR expression on peripheral blood monocytes was determined in immunofluorescence test using monoclonal antibodies to TLR2 (СD14+CD282+), TLR4 (СD14+CD284+) и TLR6 (СD14+CD286+), conjugated with FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) and PE (phycoerythrin) - labeled (HyCultbiotechnology, Holland).Results: number of monocytes expressing TLR 2,4,6 increased activation of the inflammatory process, with remission rates expression of TLR 2,4,6 not different from those in the control group.Conclusion: you can use the number of monocytes expressing TLR 2,4,6 as a marker of remission