Optimized coagulation for the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from low alkalinity : hardness South African raw waters

Abstract This example is to demonstrate the layout of the first page of a paper for Water Science and Technology. The authors’ family names should be given in full; their forenames should be given as abbreviations. The title, authors' names and addresses should be indented 1.5 cm from the left-hand margin of the text area; the abstract is indented 1.5 cm from both margins. The abstract itself, set in 10 pt type like the authors' addresses, should start about 9 cm down from the top of the text area. It should be a single paragraph. Please do not make reference citations in the abstract and keep within the limit of 200 words. It is followed by your choice of up to six keywords, listed alphabetically and separated by semi-colons

Impact of alkalinity on the removal of natural organic matter from raw waters by enhanced coagulation

Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) in all soils, ground and surface waters cause negative effects in potable water quality (undesired colour, taste, odour, and bacterial re-growth in distribution systems). Numerous studies have also found that the reaction of NOM with oxidative chemicals during drinking water treatment processes can result to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many countries including South Africa, have therefore established regulations to control and minimise NOM and its effects. Enhanced coagulation (EC), a multiple-objective chemical dosing strategy, offers a viable option for NOM removal, and this study explores its use for typical South African raw waters. A consistent and reproducible jar test procedure, simulating the actual coagulation and flocculation pre-treatment steps, was developed and used to investigate the treatability of NOM (measured as UV 254 nm) in all the source waters. Ferric chloride was used as the coagulant due to its extensive application in South Africa. Raw water samples representing the various water types found in the country were seasonally collected for investigation, thus corresponding to a year-long data collection period. Since the removal of NOM is linked to strict control of pH, the coagulant dosage for the jar tests aimed at specific pHs (pH 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) with the use of titration curves. The response parameters for the tests were temperature, turbidity, pH and UV 254 nm. Algorithms of finding the optimum dosage for both turbidity and UV 254 nm removal were developed from jar tests and consistently applied to subsequent batch tests. The results of the study suggested that low-alkalinity waters are more amenable to coagulation than high-alkalinity waters. The results also led to the conclusion that the alkalinity and pH of a water are key factors influencing coagulation performance. The optimum pH for the waters fell within the range of 5.0 to 6.5

Assessing the effectiveness of a biological recovery of nickel for tailing dumps management

The mobilization of nickel from sulphide minerals using sulfuric acid and heterotrophic microorganism (Bacillus subtilis) was independently examined. The influences of parameters such as the concentration of acid and bacteria as well as reaction time were considered. Results of the monod-type kinetic study showed faster recovery of nickel from tailings (20 ppm/h) than from ore (8.07 ppm/h) by biological mobilization and similar trend with sulfuric acid

Short communication: Cyclodextrin nanosponges in the removal of organic matter to produce water for power generation

The water treatment processes employed by coal-fired power stations do not completely remove most of the natural organics (volatile component) from the feed water used for power generation. Currently, polyaluminium chloride, polyelectrolyte and ion exchange resins are used to treat water at power stations. The effectiveness of water-insoluble cyclodextrin (CD) polymers in the removal of natural organics (volatile component), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC) from water collected at a specific power plant is reported. Results obtained from this study show that, despite the usage of the treatment processes, natural organic species emanating from raw water still persist throughout the stages of the water treatment process. The polymers on the other hand demonstrated the ability to remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from raw water by as much as 84%, whilst TOC removal was relatively low.Keywords: organic pollutants, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), cyclodextrin polymers, coagulants, ion-exchange resi

An exfoliated graphite-based Bisphenol A electrochemical sensor

The use of an exfoliated graphite (EG) electrode in the square wave voltammetric detection of bisphenol A (a model phenolic pollutant) in water, whereby the phenolic electrode fouling challenge is mitigated, is described. The oxidation peak of BPA was observed at about 0.45 V in phosphate buffer solution at pH 10. The current response exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration over a range from 1.56 μM–50 μM. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.76 μM. The EG electrode surface was renewed after each measurement with excellent reproducibility. A real sample application was also investigated

Removal of lead (II) from aqeouos waste using (CD-PCL-TiO2) bio-nanocomposites.

Lead (Pb) pollution is our water system is a major concern, as this metal is toxic even at low concentration. This study aim to fabricate a bio-nanocomposite (cyclodextrin-polycaprolactone titanium dioxide) that will be used as an adsorbent for the removal of lead in aqueous waste. In this study, titanium dioxide was synthesized via sol-gel technique then incorporated in a polymer blend (CD-PCL) via solution blending method. The resulting bio-nanocomposites were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET). The effect of how factors such as pH, concentration and adsorbent dose affect the removal efficiency of the bio-nanocomposites were studies. Maximum adsorption of lead obtained was 98% at pH 9.7, 10 ppm with 0.005 g dosage. Kinetic studies and adsorption isotherms were also investigated. The adsorption data fit Langmuir isotherm. Pb (II) obeyed pseudo-second order kinetics

Artificial neural network simulations and experimental results: Removal of trichlorophenol from water using Chromolaena odorata stem

Applied Chemistr

Treatment of fluorosis disease and prevention of negative effects of fluoride ingestion

International audienceIngestion of fluoride in excess from drinking water, foods, or industrial pollution causes chronic toxicity known as fluorosis. Many papers consider fluorosis as an irreversible disease which has to be prevented by a fluoride level in drinking water under the WHO limit. In this chapter we focus on the reversibility of fluorosis showing that this disease is not a fate. Few papers deal with successful treatment of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis in man. This treatment involves the withdrawal of fluoridated water and the use of foods supplemented with calcium and vitamins C and E. Many papers report the success in mitigation of experimental fluorosis in animals. From these results it is possible to suggest nutritional recommendations for the prevention of fluorosis diseases in endemic regions: withdraw fluoridated water, select foods with low fluoride content, and supplement diet with calcium, vitamins C and E, and antioxidant compounds arising from plants and fruits. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016