Effect of low temperatures on osserous and cartilaginous tissues

The use of extreme cold to treat tumoral afflictions of the extremities is discussed. Cryogenic methods and instruments are discussed, and the levels of accumulated knowledge in this area (as well as the areas still in question) are evaluated. The overall promise for cryogenic methods of treatment is acknowledged, and areas which need further development are noted

REGULATION OF PERIPHERAL B-LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION IN RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE

The important role of immune disorders in recurrent miscarriage has been proven. Clarification of the character of B-lymphocyte differentiation and its regulation factors in women with threatened miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage in history is an urgent problem, since it will reveal the immune mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this pathology. Purpose: to establish the features of B-lymphocyte differentiation and factors of its regulation in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage and threatening spontaneous miscarriage at the time of examination.Were examined pregnant women aged 18-40 years at a gestation period of 5-12 weeks. The main group consisted of 60 pregnant women with a threatening spontaneous miscarriage at the time of examination and a history of recurrent miscarriage. As a control, 35 pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancy were examined. The comparison group consisted of 25 primary pregnant women with threatened spontaneous miscarriage at the time of examination. The material for the study was peripheral venous blood. Subpopulations of B-lymphocytes CD19+, CD19+ IgD+, CD20+IgM+, CD20+IgG+ were determined by flow cytometry; CD19+CD20- CD38+, CD19+CD27- , CD19+CD27+. Serum levels of BAFF and APRIL were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.In the main group, an increase in the proportion of B-cells, CD20+IgM+-lymphocytes and memory cells was recorded in the peripheral blood, along with a decrease in the level of naive cells and plasma cells. In the comparison group, an increase in the proportion of immature IgM+B-cells, circulating memory cells, along with a decrease in naive B-lymphocytes, was registered. in the main group there was a pronounced decrease in the serum BAFF level compared with the control and comparison groups. Analysis of the APRIL content showed a pronounced downward trend in groups with threatened miscarriage relative to healthy pregnant women. Thus, threatening habitual and sporadic miscarriages were associated with a shift in the differentiation of B-lymphocytes towards immature forms and a lack of regulatory influence of BAFF and APRIL, which is reflected in the disruption of B-cell homeostasis and weakening of humoral effector mechanisms at the systemic level. The revealed changes may indicate a single mechanism for the development of a threatening spontaneous miscarriage, the severity of which increases with repeated loss of pregnancy. These changes can lead to an increase in effector cytotoxic mechanisms and an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, which can lead to the development of damaging reactions in the fetoplacental complex, which can be reflected in the clinical picture of the threat of termination of pregnancy

FEATURES OF MONOCYTE POLARIZATION AT DIFFERENT OUTCOMES IN WOMEN WITH RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE

Currently, in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage, a special role is given to immunological factors, in particular the role of innate immunity. The aim of the study was to assess the relative content of monocytes in the peripheral blood producing IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, as well as to identify new criteria for predicting the outcome of pregnancy in women with the threat of early termination and recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methods. 88 pregnant women at 5-12 weeks’ gestation were examined, the main group consisted of 59 women with recurrent miscarriage and threatened miscarriage at the time of the study, the control group – 29 women with uncomplicated pregnancy without recurrent miscarriage. The main group, depending on the outcomes of pregnancy, was subdivided into subgroups: subgroup I – 42 women whose pregnancy ended in timely delivery, subgroup II – 8 women with preterm labor, subgroup III – 9 women with abortion up to 22 weeks (spontaneous miscarriage and non-developing pregnancy). In the control group, all women had a timely delivery. Research material – peripheral venous blood. The relative content of IL-4+, IL-6+, IL-10+, IFNγ+ monocytes was assessed on a FACSCanto II flow cytometer using monoclonal antibodies. Statistical data processing was carried out using a package of standard applied programs. Results. In the group of women with recurrent miscarriage and threatened miscarriage, the relative content of IL-10+ and IL-4+ monocytes was reduced and the content of IL-6+ monocytes was increased compared to the control group (p = 0.0001 in all cases). There were no statistically significant differences in the content of IFNγ+ monocytes in the compared groups (p = 0.069). With a relative content of IL-4+ monocytes equal to 26.7% or less, preterm labor is predicted. With a relative content of IL-10+ monocytes equal to 27.0% or less, abortion (spontaneous miscarriage or miscarriage) is predicted in gestational age up to 22 weeks. An increase in the ratio of IFNγ+/ IL-4+, IFNγ+/IL-10+, IL-6+/IL-4+, IL-6+/IL-10+ monocytes was found in the main group (p < 0.0001 in all cases ). Conclusions. In women with recurrent miscarriage in all subgroups, the level of M1 monocytes prevailed over the level of M2 monocytes. The data obtained allowed the development of new prognostic criteria for termination of pregnancy up to 22 weeks and premature birth

ROLE OF CYTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PRETERM BIRTH

Currently, the existence of a wide range of subpopulations of CD8+T-lymphocytes has been revealed, among which there are subpopulations of naive and effector cells, as well as memory cells. CD8+T-lymphocytes are thought to be a population of lymphocytes with high cytotoxic activity, which is of extreme importance during pregnancy. Given that each subpopulation is characterized by a set of produced mediators, surface and intracellular markers, we can assume their role in the pathogenesis of preterm birth. This determined the need to investigate the role of naive cells, effector cells, and memory cells in the development of spontaneous preterm birth. Data on the content of naive CD8+-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of women with threatened preterm birth are practically absent. It was found that the infiltration of CD8+-lymphocytes in the area of uteroplacental contact was associated with the development of timely delivery. Chronic chorioamnionitis is the most common condition in idiopathic preterm birth and is characterized by the infiltration of maternal CD8+Tcells into the chorioamniotic membranes. Currently, it is believed that chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta represent maternal antifetal rejection. This led to the study of the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of preterm birth. Purpose. To establish a possible pathogenetic mechanism of preterm birth in women with threatened preterm birth on the basis of the revealed features of differentiation and functional activity of CD8+- lymphocytes at the systemic levelMaterials and methods. The survey of women was carried out on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “V. Gorodkov Ivanovo Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. A total of 126 women were examined, which were retrospectively divided into 2 main groups – women with threatened preterm birth(n = 68), which was divided into 2 subgroups – with the outcome of pregnancy preterm birth (n = 30) and timely delivery (n = 38). The control group included 58 women with uncomplicated pregnancy and who gave birth on time. In the CD8+-lymphocyte population, the content of central – Tcm (CD45RACD62L+), preterminally differentiated-Tem (CD45RACD62L- ) and terminally differentiated-Temra (CD45RA+CD62L- ) memory cells was determined. In all memory cell populations, the content of cells producing Granzyme B intracellularly was determined. The studies were performed using monoclonal antibodies (mAT) by flow cytometry on a FACSCanto II cytometer using the FACSDiva software (Becton Dickinson, USA).The analysis of the features of the relative content of CD8+-lymphocytes in the main group of women, depending on the outcome of pregnancy, was carried out. When comparing patients with a clinic of threatened preterm birth, whose pregnancy ended prematurely, a higher content of CD8+-lymphocytes was revealed than in group c of women who gave birth in a timely manner, which indicates a high stimulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in this group of women. With threatening preterm birth, there is an increase in the content of naive CD8+-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Data on the content of naive CD8+-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of women with threatened preterm birth are practically absent. The increase in CD8+Tn levels is more pronounced in the subgroup of women with a favorable pregnancy outcome. Given this fact, it can be assumed that in women with preterm birth, a lower CD8+Tn is associated with their increased differentiation into effector T-lymphocytes with their subsequent migration to the placental zone. This process could determine the observed decrease in the level of terminally differentiated granzyme-producing CD8+-lymphocytes in a subgroup of women with a pregnancy outcome of preterm birth, which coincided with the literature data

IMMUNOLOGICAL AND PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EARLY AND LATE PREECLAMPSIA

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, and it can be after 20 weeks of gestation. It ends only with a complete dissection of afterbirth. Traditionally, PE is subdivided into the early one, taking place through 34 weeks of pregnancy (EOPE) and the late one, which is after 34 weeks of gestation (LOPE). Clinical manifestations are similar in both cases however, risk factors and the severity of PE are different . It has been established that EOPE is determined by impaired trophoblast invasion and transformation of the spiral arteries of the uterus in early pregnancy, and late onset of PE is associated with oxidative stress of syncytiotrophoblast, which occurs secondarily, with limited gas exchange and insufficient intake of nutrients. Numerous studies have noted a significant contribution of immune responses to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, however, the state of B-lymphocytes in EOPE and LOPE has not been studied. A comprehensive assessment of the condition of women with early (up to 34 weeks of pregnancy inclusive) and late (after 34 weeks) development of preeclampsia was carried out, taking into account clinical and anamnestic characteristics, the peculiarities of the formation of the structural components of the placenta, as well as determining the nature of differentiation and functional activity of B-lymphocytes. In peripheral venous blood, the content of CD19+, CD20+, CD19+CD27+IgD±, CD19+CD20- CD38+, CD20+CD5+-cells and serum levels of IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 were examined. Morphological examination included gross description, organometry, survey histology, and transmission electron microscopy. In the group of women with early preeclampsia in history, there were more often perinatal losses, premature births and medical abortions, and in the current pregnancy, intrauterine infection, oligohydramnios, placental insufficiency and fetal growth retardation. With late preeclampsia, metabolic syndrome, anemia, and a history of arterial hypertension were more often observed. In the peripheral blood of all women with preeclampsia, there was an increase in the content of CD20+CD5+-cells in comparison with those in uncomplicated pregnancy, more pronounced in the late onset of preeclampsia. Only in women with early preeclampsia blood levels of CD19+CD20- CD38+ and CD19+CD27+IgD±-cells, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 increased. Studies of the placenta in early preeclampsia indicated impaired implantation and pathological placentation with the development of primary placental insufficiency, which becomes chronic. In late preeclampsia, the development of placental insufficiency was determined by chronic disorders of maternal and fetal hemocirculation with increased deposition of fibrin and fibrinoid in the basal lamina and in the zones of villous epithelium necrosis. The study showed that the timing of the manifestation of preeclampsia is determined by the action of factors of the clinical history, structural rearrangements in the placenta and immune responses of B-lymphocytes are closely interrelated

DYNAMICS OF BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF BLOOD SERUM IN RABBITS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOTHERAPY AFTER LOCAL SKIN THERMAL BURN

The article presents data on the dynamics of some biochemical indices in blood serum of rabbits (total protein, alanine aminotransferase, ureal, creatinine, total cholesterol, glucose) during phototherapy of local skin thermal injury using "Bioprone", "Rikta", "Azor", OKN-11M, BOP-4 devices in 5-15 days after wounding. Obtained data testifies to the development of the response of an organism in the form of metabolic processes aimed at the maintenance of constant internal environment but expressed less that at vast burns. Course of phototherapy quite effectively but without distinct differentiation by the method of therapy has positive effect on the normalization of biochemical indices of blood serum

Зависимость диэлектрических свойств керамики титаната бария и композита на его основе от температуры спекания

In this paper, we compare the structure and dielectric properties of the samples of barium titanate ceramics that have been sintered at temperatures of 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250 and 1350 °C and dielectric characteristics of the samples of barium titanate (80 vol.%) — barium ferrite (20 vol.%). It is shown that only samples sintered at the temperature of 1250 and 1350 °C have polarization sufficient for the existence of the piezoelectric effect. For the same samples, the pyroelectric coefficient and reversal polarization significantly exceed those for samples sintered at lower temperatures. Analysis of the samples structure confirmed the dependence of the dielectric properties of the barium titanate ceramics on the grain size and, as a consequence, on the sintering temperature. Based on the studies carried out, the optimal temperature (1250 °С) for obtaining composite samples of barium titanate (80 vol.%) — barium ferrite (20 vol.%) was selected. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant for the composite samples based on barium ferrite — barium titanate with a sintering temperature of 1250 °C is similar to the dependence for the BaTiO3 ceramic samples sintered at 1350 °C. At room temperatures, the permittivity of the composite samples is also significantly higher than that of the barium titanate ceramic samples obtained at the same sintering temperatures. The addition of barium ferrite to the barium titanate not only increased the permittivity of the composite, but also led to a diffusing of the ferroelectric phase transition and a shift in the temperature of the maximum of the dielectric constant by 10 degrees towards high temperatures.Проведено сравнение структуры и диэлектрических свойств образцов керамики титаната бария, спеченных при температурах 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250 и 1350 °С, и диэлектрических характеристик образцов композита титанат бария (80 % (об.)) — феррит бария (20 % (об.)), спеченных при температурах 1150, 1200 и 1250 °С. Показано, что поляризацию, достаточную для проявления пьезоэлектрического эффекта, имеют только образцы титаната бария, спеченные при температурах 1250 и 1350 °С. У этих же образцов величина пирокоэффициента и остаточной поляризации значительно превосходят аналогичные значения для образцов, спеченных при более низких температурах. Анализ структуры образцов подтвердил зависимость диэлектрических свойств керамики титаната бария от размера зерен и, как следствие, от температуры спекания. На основании проведенных исследований выбран оптимальный режим спекания образцов композита титанат бария (80 % (об.)) — феррит бария (20 % (об.)) —1250 °С. Дальнейшее повышение температуры до 1300 °С показало наличие у данного композита эвтектики. При этом температурная зависимость диэлектрической проницаемости для образцов композита на основе феррита бария — титаната бария с температурой спекания 1250 °С аналогичны зависимости для образцов керамики BaTiO3, спеченных при 1350 °С. При комнатных температурах у образцов композита диэлектрическая проницаемость также значительно больше, чем у образцов керамики титаната бария, полученных при тех же температурах спекания. Добавление феррита бария в состав титаната бария не только повысило диэлектрическую проницаемость композита, но и привело к размытию сегнетоэлектрического фазового перехода и смещению температуры максимума диэлектрической проницаемости на 10 градусов в сторону высоких температур.

Polymerization of the new double-charged monomer bis-1,3(N,N,N trimethylammonium dicyanamide)-2-propylmethacrylate and ionic conductivity of the novel polyelectrolytes

The achievement of high ionic conductivity in single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes is one of the important aims for various electrochemical devices including modern lithium batteries. One way to enhance the ionic conductivity in polyelectrolyte systems is to increase the quantity of charge carriers in each monomer unit. Highly charged poly(bis-1,3(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-2-propylmethacrylate) with one of the most conducting anions, namely dicyanamide, was prepared via free radical bulk polymerization or using ionic liquids as reaction medium. The cationic polymers of the double-charged monomer have molar masses up to equation image = 1,830,000 g/mol and the ionic conductivity equal to 5.51 × 10−5 S/cm at 25°C. The film forming ability, crystallinity, thermal stability, and glass transition temperatures of the new polymeric ionic liquids obtained from detailed studies are presente

Ассоциация данных МРТ-картины лейомиомы матки с параметрами, характеризующими пролиферацию клеток миоматозных узлов

Data of MRI have the great diagnostic value for the estimation of the character of uterine leiomyoma growth, but do not allow make the unambiguous conclusions about the tumor proliferative activity.Aim: to elucidate the relationship between MRI of uterine leiomyoma and level of tumor proliferation and assess the possibility of the using of MRI data for pre-operative diagnostic of proliferative tumor growth.Materials and methods. Observation of 29 women with uterine leiomyoma was carried out. Before surgical treatment of the patients the MRI investigation with the general pelvic examination and estimation of the quantity of leiomyomas, their position, size and structure was conducted. In leiomyoma tissue and normal myometrium the Ki-67, transforming growth factor β3 (TGF β3) collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) and β-actin (housekeeper gene) mRNAs expressions were estimated by real-time reverse-transcription polymerasechain reaction.Results. According MRI data the most significant differences between studied leiomyomas were connected with T2-weighted signal in comparison with unchanged myometrium: the low T2-weighted signal and preferentially homogenous tissue structure were observed in 58,5% cases, and the increased T2-weighted signal with some heterogeneous structure of tumor were found in 41.1% samples. MRI data were correlated with results of molecular-genetic investigation: the low T2-weighted signal was associated with high levels of TGFβ3, COL1A1 mRNAs expression and minimal level of Ki-67 mRNA expression, whereas in leiomyomas with high T2-weighted signal the high Ki-67 mRNA expression was noted.Conclusion. Leiomyomas with heterogeneous structure and high T2 W signal are characterized by the high level of proliferative activity and this observation must be taken into account during leiomyoma estimation and choice of patient’s treatment tactic.Данные МРТ имеют большую диагностическую значимость при определении особенностей роста лейомиомы матки, но не позволяют сделать однозначного вывода о характере пролиферативной активности в опухоли.Цель исследования: выявить взаимосвязь между МРТ-картиной лейомиомы матки и уровнем ее пролиферативной активности для оценки возможности использования данных МРТ в дооперационной диагностике пролиферативного роста опухоли.Материал и методы. Было проведено обследование 29 пациенток с лейомиомой матки. Всем пациенткам основной группы до операции проводилось МРТисследование органов малого таза с оценкой количества миоматозных узлов, их расположения, размеров и структуры. В ткани миоматозных узлов и неизмененного миометрия методом обратно-транскрипционной полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени определяли уровень экспрессии мРНК маркера пролиферации Ki-67, трансформирующего фактора роста β3 (TGFβ3), коллагена 1А1 типа (COL1A1) и β-актина (гена домашнего хозяйства).Результаты. По данным МРТ наиболее значимые различия среди изученных миоматозных узлов были выявлены по сигналу на T2ВИ относительно ткани неизмененного миометрия: в 58,6% случаев отмечался низкий сигнал на T2ВИ при преимущественно однородной структуре ткани, тогда как в 41,4% образцов выявлялся повышенный сигнал на T2ВИ и имелась небольшая структурная неоднородность. Данные МРТ коррелировали с результатами молекулярно-генетического исследования: при низком сигнале на T2ВИ в ткани миомы отмечался высокий уровень экспрессии мРНК TGFβ3, COL1A1 и минимальные значения экспрессии мРНК Ki-67, тогда как в миоматозных узлах с высоким сигналом на T2ВИ был выявлен высокий уровень экспрессии мРНК Ki-67.Заключение. Узлы с неоднородной структурой и вы соким сигналом на T2ВИ характеризуются высоким уровнем пролиферативной активности, что должно приниматься во внимание при оценке лейомиомы и определении тактики ведения пациенток