Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes against bacterial pathogens of diabetic foot ulcers

Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health problem worldwide. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), a major complication in Type 2 diabetes are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. To screen various bacterial pathogens present in diabetic foot ulcers and to determine their antibiotic sensitivity to actinomycetes isolated from various fields of Chandragiri, Tirupati, twenty four actinomycetes isolates were isolated and screened by primary and secondary screening methods to determine potent antibiotic producers by using test organisms. Among 24 isolates, 4 were more potent and they showed varied range of antibacterial activity of pathogens, isolated form diabetic foot ulcers. Four isolates were compared with lenezoid antibiotic. Enterococcus was resistant to lenezoid antibiotic but four actinomycetes inhibited the growth of Enterococi

RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND STABILITY INDICATING STUDY OF METFORMIN AND LINAGLIPTIN IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a simple, efficient, specific, precise and accurate Reverse phase High Performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Linagliptin Pharmaceutical Dosage form.Methods: The separation method was carried out using reverse phase C18 column, Inertsil ODS – 3V (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5μm). The mobile phase used was a mixture of Phosphate buffer (1.625 g of Potassium Di Hydrogen Ortho Phosphate and 0.3 g of Di Potassium Hydrogen Ortho Phosphate in 550 ml water) pH 4.5 and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 (v/v) at isocratic mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, column temperature was 30°C and eluents were monitored at 280 nm using waters 2695 alliance HPLC instrument equipped with the Waters 2998 PDA detector and Empower 2 software.Results: With the optimized method, the retention times of Metformin and Linagliptinwere found to be 3.048 and 4.457 respectively, with theoretical plate count and asymmetry as per the ICH limits. The method has shown a good linearity in the concentration range of 500-3000µg/ml from Metformin and 2.5-15µg/mL for Linagliptin with Regression coefficient (R2) of 0.99 and 0.99. The percentage assays were found to be 99.28% and 99.54% respectively for Metformin and Linagliptin. The method was found to be accurate (with percentage mean recoveries 100% for Metformin HCl and 100% for Linagliptin), precise, robust, stable and Degradation studies are conducted under various conditions.Conclusion: The proposed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and hence, can be successfully applied to the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Linagliptin tablet formulations.Â

Prospects of Using Cicer canariense for Chickpea Improvement

Experiments were initiated at ICRISAT to cross kabuli chickpea cv. ICCV 6 and desi cv. GL 769 using a perennial wild species, C. canariense, as the male parent. Emasculations and pollinations were carried out in the morning between 8.00 h and 10.00 h. An aqueous mixture of growth regulators consisting of gibberellic acid, NAA, and kinetin (7:1:1) was applied to the base of the pollinated pistils 5 h after pollination. Light and fluorescent microscopic studies showed that the pollen grains germinated normally on the stigma. Swelling of the pollen tubes was rarely observed. Pod initials were observed at 6 days after pollination (DAP). By 14 DAP, yellowing of the pods was observed; hence pods were harvested at 14-18 DAP. The maximum pod size obtained was 4 mm × 4.5 mm and ovule width was 2 mm. Ovules did not show growth even after 45 days of culture. Globular embryos were observed. In the pollinated pistils where growth regulators were not applied, development of pod initials was not observed

Production of hybrids between Arachis hypogaea and A. chiquitana (section Procumbentes)

There is no report of successful crosses between cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and wild species from section Procumbentes. Interspecific hybrids between A. hypogaea (section Arachis) and A. chiquitana Krapov., W.C. Gregory & C.E. Simpson (section Procumbentes) were produced by the application of growth regulators to pollinated pistils, and hybrid plants were obtained for the first time by germinating hybrid embryos in vitro. Eleven hybrids were produced, of which one hybrid did not survive to the flowering stage, but the other hybrids were fertile. The hybridity of the F1 plants was confirmed by SSR analysis and one BC1 plant gave rise to mature seeds. In addition, A. chiquitana has been identified as one of the few wild species of Arachis showing resistance to Aspergillus flavus colonization. Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin, a carcinogenic agent causing liver cancer, a serious post harvest constraint to peanut production world wide. Initial seed screening of A. chiquitana for A. flavus showed promise of obtaining hybrids resistant to A. flavus colonization, but it is unknown if the interspecific hybrids would also have aflatoxin resistance. This is the first report of obtaining hybrids between A. hypogaea and A. chiquitan

Groundnut relatives hit the spot

For years, groundnut fields have been laid waste by devastating fungal diseases. Now, thanks to the wild relatives of the groundnut, farmers around the world can breathe easier..

Meiotic study of intersectional hybrids between Arachis hypogaea, A. duranensis and A. diogoi with A. glabrata.

The hybrid between Arachis duranensis and A. glabrata was a triploid and had 8-11 bivalents with a mean of 10 bivalents per meiocyte. Ten bivalents were observed in 30% of the cells analysed. Trivalents were rarely observed. Forty-eight percent of the pollinations formed pegs when A. duranensis × A. glabrata was pollinated with A. hypogaea pollen. Morphologically, the hybrid had erect growth habit and resembled A. hypogaea. The flower buds had short hypanthium and flowers were pale yellow as observed on A. duranensis. Of the 485 pegs formed, 3 pods were obtained. Two of the pods had large but immature seeds and one pod had a mature seed. Triploid hybrid A. diogoi × A. glabrata was crossed with A. glabrata. The bivalent formation in the hybrid ranged from 7 to 10 with a mean of 9 per meiocyte. The number of univalents ranged from 10 to 16 with a mean of 12 per meiocyte. Both ring (4 per cell) and rod (6 per cell) bivalents were present. The occurrence of more number of rod than ringbivalents and of 12 univalents in 30% of the cells showed that there was some restriction in chromosome pairing in A. diogoi × A. glabrata. Meiotic pairing in A. hypogaea was normal with 20 ring bivalents in more than 95% of the meiocytes analysed. Although tetravalents (2.3 per cell), univalents (1.13 per cell) and occasionally trivalents (0.2 per cell) are observed in A. glabrata, 20 bivalents in a cell was not uncommon. The occurrence of 20 bivalents was rare in F1 hybrid whereas 7% of the meiocytes analysed showed the occurrence of 20 regular bivalents and regular anaphase separation of chromosomes. Majority of the cells analysed showed 14-15 bivalents per cell. Only 4% of the cells analysed showed bivalent formation of less than 13 per cell. Trivalents and tetravalents were more in A. hypogaea × A. glabrata than its BC1 hybrid

Ovule and embryo culture to obtain hybrids from interspecific incompatible pollinations in chickpea

Many of the wild species of chickpea are not accessible to the improvement of chickpea due to cross incompatibility. In these interspecific incompatible crosses, fertilization takes place but the embryo aborts a few days later. The only way to obtain hybrid plants is by the application of growth regulators to pollinated pistils to prevent initial pod abscission and to save the aborting hybrid embryos by embryo rescue techniques. Although there are a few papers on regeneration from different explants of chickpea, information on embryo rescue techniques is not available. This paper summarizes the embryo rescue techniques developed for chickpea, by the use of which hybrid plants between C. arietinum and C. pinnatifidum were produced. The study also emphasises the effects of genotype to successfully obtain hybrids. The morphology of the hybrid plants resembled the male parent in leaf structure and growth habit. The colour of the flowers produced on the hybrid plant was pale violet, resembling the male parent whose flowers were violet in colour. The flower colour of the female parent was white

Pigeonpea

Pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L.) is the sixth most important grain legume in the world and second most important pulse crop after chickpea in India. It is a major source of protein for several resource poor rural and urban families of Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America and can be cultivated successfully under limited inputs as well as rainfed conditions. Although enormous breeding efforts have been put to the improvement of pigeonpea during the last few decades, the progress in terms of increasing production and quality improvement has not been up to the desired level. One of the major reasons behind this is susceptibility of this crop to many biotic and abiotic stresses , as well as a narrow genetic base of cultivated germplasm thereby offering limited chances of genetic recombination and consequently slower rates of genetic improvement. On the other hand, wild relatives of pigeonpea have evolved naturally to survive environmental extremities including droughts, fl oods, excess heat, and cold and also have the capability to withstand damage by insect pests and diseases. Owing to these properties, these species have invoked interest of breeders in utilizing them for the improvement of their cultivated counterparts. Consequently, over the past many years, tremendous improvements of practical importance have taken place in pigeonpea utilizing wild genetic resources. This chapter summarizes such significant achievements and highlights the utilization status of wild species in genetic improvement of pigeonpea

Gene introgression from Arachis glabrata into A. hypogaea, A. duranensis and A. diogoi

Arachis glabrata Benth, variety glabrata coll. GK 10596 (PI 276233; ICG 8176) belonging to section Rhizomatosae has multiple disease resistance. Fertile hybrids between A. hypogaea L. and A. glabrata, A. duranensis Krapov &W.C. Gregory and A. glabrata and A. diogoi Hoehne and A. glabrata were produced. Introgression of DNA from A. glabrata into A. hypogaea, A. duranensis and A. diogoi was analyzed by isozyme and RAPD analyses. Hybrids were backcrossed and BC1 seeds were obtained in all the three hybrids. Hybrids were evaluated for the transfer of disease resistance genes from A. glabrata, which was confirmed. RAPD analysis with several primers showed that DNA fragment pattern were not simply represented, instead there were new bands and several parental bands were absent in the interspecific derivatives