Skapande och återskapande av genus i läromedel. Diskursanalys av fem läromedel i NO-ämnena med avseende på genus.

De flesta lärare använder läroböcker i sin undervisning. Det innebär att dessa böcker har en påverkan på skolans verksamhet och därför bör uppnå de normativa föreskrifter som styr skolans verksamhet. Jag har undersökt fem läromedel i de olika NO-ämnena med avseende på hur dessa förhåller sig till genus och kön. Särskilt fokus har legat på de avsnitt som behandlar sexualitet. Hur utrymmet är fördelat mellan män och kvinnor, vilka bilder av könen som förmedlas i text och illustration samt om dessa bilder är stereotypa. Det material jag valt är fem läroböcker i fysik, biologi och kemi. En från vardera stort läromedelsförlag samt en extra som innehöll ett uppslag som kallades "fokus på genus". Jag har analyserat läromedlen med hjälp av diskursanalys. Diskursanalys är både teori och metod, vilka används integrerat med varandra. Med teorins hjälp försöker diskursanalysen tydliggöra mönster i analysmaterialet som är sammankopplat med rådande diskurser.1 I undersökningen har jag kommit fram till att läromedlen förmedlar en bild av mannen och kvinnan som varandras motsatser. Mannen är norm. Han syns mer, är mer aktiv och oftast förekommer han i mer tekniska och karriärsinriktade verksamheter. Kvinnan är motsatsen som syns mindre och i passiva, ofta stereotypa verksamheter. Detta är ännu tydligare i de avsnitt som behandlar sexualiteten. Här förmedlas en bild av mannen som ägare av sexualiteten som han riktar mot kvinnan som är mottagare

”Man får vara lite linjedomare” - Om terapi med par som vill avsluta sin kärleksrelation

Varje år skiljer sig omkring 20 000 par i Sverige och trots att drygt en tiondel av familjerådgivningens samtal berör separationsarbete, är forskningen om terapi vid skilsmässa begränsad. Studiens syfte var att undersöka psykologers erfarenheter av att arbeta terapeutiskt med par som vill avsluta sin kärleksrelation och vad som upplevs verksamt. Detta undersöktes genom intervjuer med fem yrkesverksamma psykologer som arbetar med par. Materialet analyserades enligt induktiv tematisk analys och resulterade i fyra huvudteman kring hur terapin inleds, terapeutiska verktyg, terapeutens roll samt terapins resultat. Resultatet visade att verksamma interventioner ofta får en praktisk och problemlösande karaktär, kan syfta till att förändra synen på skilsmässa/separation genom psykoedukation samt kan innefatta inre aspekter där mer personliga frågor utforskas i den gemensamma terapin

Wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries - some stylised facts

This study presents some stylised facts on wage growth differentials across the euro area countries in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999. The study shows that wage growth dispersion, i.e. the degree of difference in wage growth at a given point in time, has been on a clear downward trend since the early 1980s. However, wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries still appears to be higher than the degree of wage growth dispersion within West Germany, the United States, Italy and Spain. Differences in wage growth rates between individual euro area countries and the euro area in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of EMU appear to be positively related to the respective differences between their Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) inflation and average HICP inflation in the euro area. Conversely, relative wage growth differentials across euro area countries have been somewhat unrelated to relative productivity growth differentials. Some countries combine positive wage growth differentials and negative productivity growth differentials vis-à-vis the euro area average over an extended period – and hence positive unit labour cost growth differentials. These countries run the risk of accumulating competitiveness losses and it is therefore a challenge to ensure that the necessary adjustment mechanisms operate fully, in the sense that wage developments are sufficiently flexible and reflect productivity developments. Wage growth persistence within individual euro area countries – largely reflecting inflation persistence and certain institutional factors – might also have contributed somewhat to wage growth differentials across the euro area countries. Moreover, wage level convergence has also played a role in explaining wage growth patterns in the 1980s and the 1990s. However, since 1999, the link between the initial compensation level and the subsequent growth rate of compensation per employee appears barely significant. The study also shows a limited co-movement of wage growth across countries, even in the context of a high degree of business cycle synchronisation seen in the last few years. This suggests that the impact on wage growth of country-specific developments across euro area countries has been larger than the impact of common cyclical developments and external shocks. This could reflect the normal and desirable working of adjustment mechanisms, which – in an optimally functioning currency union with synchronised business cycles – would take place via price and cost and wage developments. On the other hand, structural impediments, for example a relatively low degree of openness in domestically-oriented sectors in some countries, might prevent a stronger link between the degree of synchronisation of wage growth rates and business cycles. JEL Classification: E24, E31, C10.Cross-country wage dispersion, wage and productivity levels across countries and sectors.

Determinants of inflation and price level differentials across the euro area countries

This paper analyses the determinants of inflation differentials and price levels across the euro area countries. Dynamic panel estimations for the period 1999-2006 show that inflation differentials are primarily determined by cyclical positions and inflation persistence. The persistence in inflation differentials appears to be partly explained by administered prices and to some extent by product market regulations. In a cointegrating framework we find that the price level of each euro area country is governed by the levels of GDP per capita

Monetary Policy Signaling and Movements in the Swedish Term Structure of Interest Rates

This paper examines how various monetary policy signals such as repo rate changes, inflation reports, speeches, and minutes from monetary policy meetings affect the term structure of interest rates. We find that unexpected movements in the short end of the yield curve are mainly driven by unexpected changes in the repo rate, while speeches is a more important determinant for the longer interest rates. Hence, we conclude that central bank communication is an essential part of the conduct of monetary policy

"Synd att matsalen är indelad med ett eget hörn för sär ..." - en kvalitativ studie om samverkan och delaktighet i gymnasiesärskolan och gymnasieskolan

Syfte: Bakgrunden till syftet kommer av ett intresse att utveckla gymnasiesärskolans verksamhet när det gäller samverkan med gymnasieskolan och olika inkluderande undervisningslösningar. Examensarbetet syftar till att beskriva och analysera hur lärare och rektorer inom skolformerna gymnasiesärskola och gymnasieskola uppfattar begreppen samverkan och delaktighet. Utifrån dessa uppfattningar diskuteras organisatoriska förutsättningar för lärande och kunskapsutveckling hos elever med utvecklingsstörning. Teori: Studien tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt från ett kommunikativt relationsinriktat perspektiv som är ett perspektiv där samspelet mellan skolans organisation och verksamhet och de enskilda eleverna står i fokus. Studiens forskningsintresse kan beskrivas i termer av att tolka och försöka förstå hur begreppen samverkan och delaktighet uppfattas av lärare och rektorer och hur detta påverkar gymnasieskolans organisation och utvecklingsstörda elevers kunskapsutveckling. Metod: Arbetet hämtar sin inspiration från fenomenografin vars grund är att studera variationen i uppfattningar av fenomen eller kort sagt människors olika sätt att uppfatta sin omvärld. Datainsamlingen är gjord med hjälp av 15 kvalitativa intervjuer med rektorer och lärare verksamma inom gymnasiesärskolan och gymnasieskolan i två kommuner i Sverige. Dessa intervjuer har bandats, transkriberats, analyserats och delats in i olika begreppskategorier. Resultat: Samverkan och delaktighet uppfattas mestadels positivt av både lärare och rektorer i båda skolformerna. Det uppfattas fördelaktigt för lärande och kunskapsutveckling hos elever med utvecklingsstörning. Trots detta finns ingen strävan i deras verksamheter att samverka mellan skolformerna. Respondenterna ser flera svårigheter så som att de är i olika skolformer och har olika styrdokument och att det inte finns tid och utrymme för samverkan

Wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries - some stylised facts

This study presents some stylised facts on wage growth differentials across the euro area countries in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999. The study shows that wage growth dispersion, i.e. the degree of difference in wage growth at a given point in time, has been on a clear downward trend since the early 1980s. However, wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries still appears to be higher than the degree of wage growth dispersion within West Germany, the United States, Italy and Spain. Differences in wage growth rates between individual euro area countries and the euro area in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of EMU appear to be positively related to the respective differences between their Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) inflation and average HICP inflation in the euro area. Conversely, relative wage growth differentials across euro area countries have been somewhat unrelated to relative productivity growth differentials. Some countries combine positive wage growth differentials and negative productivity growth differentials vis-à-vis the euro area average over an extended period – and hence positive unit labour cost growth differentials. These countries run the risk of accumulating competitiveness losses and it is therefore a challenge to ensure that the necessary adjustment mechanisms operate fully, in the sense that wage developments are sufficiently flexible and reflect productivity developments. Wage growth persistence within individual euro area countries – largely reflecting inflation persistence and certain institutional factors – might also have contributed somewhat to wage growth differentials across the euro area countries. Moreover, wage level convergence has also played a role in explaining wage growth patterns in the 1980s and the 1990s. However, since 1999, the link between the initial compensation level and the subsequent growth rate of compensation per employee appears barely significant. The study also shows a limited co-movement of wage growth across countries, even in the context of a high degree of business cycle synchronisation seen in the last few years. This suggests that the impact on wage growth of country-specific developments across euro area countries has been larger than the impact of common cyclical developments and external shocks. This could reflect the normal and desirable working of adjustment mechanisms, which – in an optimally functioning currency union with synchronised business cycles – would take place via price and cost and wage developments. On the other hand, structural impediments, for example a relatively low degree of openness in domestically-oriented sectors in some countries, might prevent a stronger link between the degree of synchronisation of wage growth rates and business cycles

Modern Forecasting Models in Action: Improving Macroeconomic Analyses at Central Banks

There are many indications that formal methods are not used to their full potential by central banks today. In this paper we demonstrate how BVAR and DSGE models can be used to shed light on questions that policy makers deal with in practice using data from Sweden. We compare the forecast performance of BVAR and DSGE models with the Riksbank's official, more subjective forecasts, both in terms of the actual forecasts and root mean square errors. We also discuss how to combine model- and judgment based forecasts, and show that the combined forecast performs well out-of-sample. In addition, we show the advantages of structural analysis and use the models for interpreting the recent development of the inflation rate using historical decompositions. Lastly, we discuss the monetary transmission mechanism in the formal models, using impulse response functions and conditional forecasts

City marketing and convention bureaus value propositions in the post-covid time

City marketing and convention bureaus value propositions in the post-covid timeThe role of convention bureaus across the world is to market destinations and cities.This paper explores destination marketing in the post pandemic time. It focusses on thevalues that convention bureaus, a key actor in the meetings industry, propose topotential visitors. The concept of value propositions (VPs) is commonly regarded as astrategic tool for organizations to communicate what and how they will provide benefitsto clients in their offerings of products or services (Payne, Frow and Eggert 2017, Payneet al. 2020). A value proposition is a central part of the business model. VPs can bethought of in terms of promises made to clients or to market segments in externalcommunication (Grönroos and Voima 2013). This calls for an appropriate packaging andpresentation of the values in the communication of organisations (Payne, et al. 2017).From a strategic perspective, VPs affects the process communicating and deliveringvalues (Lanning 2020). Previous research of VPs within in tourism studies include valueco-creation and co-destruction in tourism services (Assiouras et al. 2022), value andtourist brand loyalty (Bose et al. 2022), tourism stakeholder value-co creation (Carrasco-Farré et al. 2022), value propositions in digitalisation processes (Endres et al. 2020) valuepropositions for community building (Butler and Szromek 2019), power in tourismmarketing (Kannisto 2016) and values in experience design (Tussyadiah 2014). The topicappears however to be understudied from a communication perspective and also withrespect to how unexpected events, such as the pandemic, frame the processes ofcommunicating values. The aim of this paper is to advance the knowledge about valuepropositions socio-cultural dimensions by exploring how benefits for meetings bookersand visitors are discursively constructed. The study will answer three questions: how isvalue proposed in the marketing communication of convention bureaus, and whatprofessional meetings discourses are formed in the post covid time?Case, method and theoryTexts and images in the online marketing of 20 convention bureaus (CBs) was collectedbetween May 2022 and March 2023. Dispersed across five world continents, most CBsare located in large cities. A CBs main purpose is to increase the number of meetings ina destination. CBs collaborate with companies in its area to market their offerings, andthey are often a unit of a DMO of a city or a municipality's business department. Themeetings industry increased its activity in the beginning of 2022, when all restrictionswere gradually lifted, and therefore the data constitute an example of marketing thatwas planned and executed during a crisis. The material was imported and text-scannedin NVivo software. Codes were created inductively, by identifying presentations ofbenefits in chunks of texts and images that were manually coded as value propositions,screenshot by screenshot. Inspired by discourse theory (Wetherell et al. 2001), thesecond step of the analysis aimed for a more abstract level. The theory wasoperationalized by looking for reoccurring expressions used to propose value, terms,narratives, symbols, metaphors, and images, and by identifying things that are excluded,and ambiguities in the communication. A set of identified values emerged, as a map ofhow convention bureaus on a global level imagine the meetings demand. The analysis2discusses some vantage points that the CBs depart from. The analytical perspective thusprovides a broad societal interpretation of the themes.FindingsTwo main VP discourses emerged. First, the offering of “The meeting in a destination” isconstructed as place-bound meetings. Place is represented in images of historicalbuildings, spectacular nature, or references to place specific professional networks. Thecommunicated benefits emphasise physical interactions and location in relation to otherplaces. The place bound discourse constructs an essential need of being and engaging ininteractions and experience place, for successful meetings. The CBs engage in aplaceification of professional meetings.Second, the “Sustainable meetings” is a morally packaged offering, that is often basedon presenting benefits of ethical concern such as expressions of care for theenvironment or displays of certifications and expert lists of wise consumption choices.This offering thus constructs morally conscious and responsible choices at the center ofa good meeting. Sustainable consumption is constructed as a norm, in this ethicificationof the professional meetings offering. In sum, the representations relate to differentnorms like mobility and the ethical. The first emphasises experiences of place, whichpartly contradicts the offering of sustainability, The placeification contradicts theethicification of meetings, in so far that places require physical infrastructures andtravelling. The ethicification of meetings stress on the other hand travelling aspotentially harmful for the environment. The sustainability theme does not stress lesstravelling, it rather suggests alternative forms.Discussion and conclusionsThe communication can be interpreted as formations of new norms emerging in relationto change in society. The meeting industry has always emphasised the value of a specificlocation for meetings, an essential part of the tourism industry business models.Revenues depend on sold rooms, dinners, and personal service in that place.Experiences of place requires people to be there. This communication may thereforeseem like a given vantage point. However, digitalisation of society has acceleratedduring Covid-19 pandemic and it seems to have paved a way for customer segments thatdo not want to, or cannot not travel to a remote destination, for different reasons.Especially urgent during the pandemic and to some extent still valid, digital meetingformats are still used. The meeting industry have had to address the question ofmobility, where digital meetings formats could be part of a possible venue in asustainable direction. Carbon emissions from aviation is a significant contributor toclimate change while a lot of people around the world go to meetings by plane, on aregular basis. It may be that the industry addresses these challenges by promotingsustainable meetings. Hence the communication discursively establishes the meetingsindustry as a player within sustainable development. Communication can trivializeconceptions of sustainable challenges and this study suggests that value propositionsare powerful communicative tools and that value propositions emerge in relation tochange in society.References3Assiouras, Ioannis, et al. (2022), 'Value propositions during service mega-disruptions:Exploring value co-creation and value co-destruction in service recovery',ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH, 97.Ballantyne, D., P. Frow, R. J. Varey and A. Payne (2011). "Value propositions ascommunication practice: Taking a wider view." Industrial MarketingManagement 40 (2): 202-210.Bose, Sunny, et al. (2022), 'Customer-Based Place Brand Equity and Tourism: A Regional IdentityPerspective', Journal of Travel Research, 61 (3), 511-27.Butler, R. W. and Szromek, A. R. (2019), 'Incorporating the value proposition for society withbusiness models of health tourism enterprises', Sustainability, 11 (23), 6711.Carrasco-Farré, Carlos, et al. (2022), 'The stakeholder value proposition of digital platforms in anurban ecosystem', Research Policy, 51 (4), N.PAG-N.PAG.Christensen, E. Christensen and L. T. (2022). The saying and the doing. Research handbook onstrategic communication. J. Falkheimer and M. Heide, Edward Elgar Publishing.Christensen, L. T., O. Thyssen and M. Morsing (2020). "Talk–Action Dynamics: Modalities ofaspirational talk." Organization Studies.du Gay, P. and Pryke, M. (2002), Cultural Economy: Cultural Analysis and Commercial Life (SAGEPublications).Endres, Herbert, Stoiber, Kristina, and Wenzl, Nina Magdalena (2020), 'Managing digitaltransformation through hybrid business models', Journal of Business Strategy, 41 (6),49-56.Gieben, B. and S. Hall (1992). Formations of modernity, Polity Press in association with the OpenUniv.Grönroos, Christian and Voima, Päivi (2013), 'Critical service logic: making sense of valuecreation and co-creation', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41 (2), 133-50.Hall, S. In Wetherell, M., S. Taylor and S. J. Yates (2001). Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader,SAGE Publications.Kannisto, Päivi (2016), '“I'M NOT A TARGET MARKET”: Power asymmetries in marketsegmentation', Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 174-80.Kodish, S. and L. Pettegrew (2008). "Enlightened Communication Is the Key to BuildingRelationships." Journal of Relationship Marketing 7(2): 151-176.Lanning, M. J. (2020). "Try taking your value proposition seriously - Why delivering winning valuepropositions should be but usually is not the core strategy for B2B (and otherbusinesses)." Industrial Marketing Management 87: 306-308.Payne, A., P. Frow and A. Eggert (2017). "The customer value proposition: evolution,development, and application in marketing." Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience: Official Publication of the Academy of Marketing Science 45(4): 467-489.Payne, A., P. Frow, L. Steinhoff and A. Eggert (2020). "Toward a comprehensive framework ofvalue proposition development: From strategy to implementation." IndustrialMarketing Management 87: 244-255.Truong, Y., G. Simmons and M. Palmer (2012). "Reciprocal value propositions in practice:Constraints in digital markets." Industrial Marketing Management 41(1): 197-206.Tussyadiah, Iis P. (2014), 'Toward a Theoretical Foundation for Experience Design in Tourism',Journal of Travel Research, 53 (5), 543-64.Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., and Yates, S.J. (2001), Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (SAGEPublications).Winther Jörgensen, M. and L. Phillips (1999). Diskursanalys som teori och metod. Lund,Studentlitteratur.

African swine fever in Uganda : description of a recent outbreak and possible differential diagnoses

This study had two different aims. The main aim was to investigate the dynamics and impact of African swine fever (ASF) on a farm in Uganda during a recent outbreak through a case study. The second aim was to estimate the presence of two important differential diagnoses of ASF: Classical swine fever (CSF) and Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The field and laboratory based case study of the farm level dynamics of ASF virus during a recent outbreak (October-December 2010) on a farm in the district of Mityana, Uganda, was conducted, using interviews, ELISA and RT-PCR. The financial impact on the farm was also estimated. The impact of the outbreak was profound. The farmer lost approximately over half of the population of pigs; mainly adults and newborn piglets were affected. Weaners and older piglets survived to a relatively larger extent. The outbreak spread between pens and units probably via direct and indirect contact. The source of the infection was difficult to identify since there were several suspected sources. A pilot study of presence CSF and PRRS in Uganda was conducted using ELISA and RT-PCR in a cross-sectional study on 239 samples from the district of Rakai in southern Uganda and 80 samples from reported outbreaks of mortality in pigs where ASF virus had not been confirmed as the cause. All samples were negative for CSF and only one sample was seropositive for PRRS. The one positive sample for PRRS was suspected to be a false positive.Studien hade två olika syften. Det huvudsakliga syftet var att undersöka dynamiken och effekterna av Afrikansk svinpest (ASF) på en gård i Uganda under ett utbrott genom en fallstudie. Det andra målet var att uppskatta förekomsten av två viktiga differentialdiagnoser av ASF: Klassisk svinpest (CSF) och Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS). Den fält och laboratoriebaserade fallstudien av dynamiken på gårdsnivå av ASF virus genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer, ELISA och RT-PCR, under ett pågående utbrott (Oktober-December 2010) på en gård i distriktet Mityana, Uganda. Den ekonomiska effekten av utbrottet på gården uppskattades. Effekterna av utbrottet var djupgående. Gårdsägaren förlorade ungefär hälften av populationen av grisar, främst vuxna och nyfödda grisar. Avvanda grisar och äldre smågrisar överlevde i en relativt sett större utsträckning. Utbrottet spreds mellan boxar och enheter via direkt och indirekt kontakt. Källan till infektionen var svår att identifiera eftersom det fanns flera misstänkta källor av introduktion av smittan till gården. En pilotstudie av förekomst av CSF och PRRS i Uganda utfördes med ELISA och RT-PCR i en cross-sectional studie med 239 prover från distriktet Rakai i södra Uganda och 80 prover från rapporterade utbrott av dödlighet hos svin där ASF virus inte bekräftats som orsaken. Alla prover var negativa för CSF och endast ett prov var seropositivt för PRRS. Det enda positiva provet för PRRS misstänktes dock vara falskt positivt