‘Doctrine Of Doli Incapax’ (Crime Committed By Minor And Their Rehabilitation)

In the present scenario, crime is increasing day by day in our society and it’s affected the upcoming generation and also affected the ideology of youth and especially of children aged between 7 to 16 years old. Further the term ‘doli incapx’ it’s a Latin language word also an obscure doctrine of ancient origin that provides a presumption that children over the age of criminal responsibility but under a certain age are incapable to commit a crime or offense, even an age category is defined under Indian penal Code in which a child up to the limit of age is incapable to commit any crime if done so then he will be exempted from the penalty for that crime committed by him and our Indian Penal law also further define a category of children which can commit a crime or has knowledge of criminal activity or having the capability to commit a crime that also known as ‘doli capax’ and there is also special category and procedure to tried that children under special law and they also kept under separate facility or observation during the trial and after the conviction. I think it is hard to regard this ancient rule about the capacity of a child between ten and fourteen as altogether satisfactory or suited to modern conditions. Nevertheless, it is clearly the law and we have to enforce it. ‘No civilized society’, says Professor Colin Howard in his book entitled Criminal Law, 4th ed. (1982), p 343, ‘regards children as accountable for their actions to the same extent as adults’.’... The wisdom of protecting young children against the full rigor of criminal law is beyond argument. The difficulty lies in determining when and under what circumstances that protection should be removed. &nbsp

A NOVEL NON–RECEPTOR AND NON- GABAERGIC ANTIANXIETY-LIKE ACTIVITY OF FORSKOLIN: SYNERGY WITH DIAZEPAM

Objective: Clinical problems associated with the benzodiazepines like dependence, withdrawal or tolerance may lead to under use of substances based on gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Non-GABAergic and substances that elevate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) have shown anti-anxiety activity. Therefore, present investigation aimed to explore a non-GABAergic mechanism and non-receptor mediated anti-anxiety activity of a cAMP elevating agent, forskolin.Methods: Elevated plus maze and light/dark box were employed to measure effect of forskolin on anxiety and the noted activity was compared with that of diazepam. cAMP levels were also measured in plasma of mice.Results: Forskolin produced a significant antianxiety- like activity in unstressed mice and stressed mice. Diazepam produced a significant antianxiety- like activity in unstressed mice but not in stressed mice. The noted antianxiety activity of forskolin was accompanied by a significant elevation of cAMP levels.Conclusions: The present findings contribute to suggest a non– receptor mediated anti-anxiety action of a forskolin, acting through cAMP elevation, thus avoiding receptor-mediated adverse effect profile of the conventional anxiolytics.Â

Microbubble–liposome conjugate:Payload evaluation of potential theranostic vehicle

Liposome–microbubble conjugates are considered as better targeted drug delivery vehicles compared to microbubbles alone. The microbubble in the integrated drug delivery system delivers the drug intracellularly on the target, whereas the liposome component allows loading of high drug dose and extravasation through leaky vasculature. In this work, a new high yielding microbubble production method was used to prepare microbubbles for formulation of the liposome-conjugated drug delivery system. In formulation process, the prepared liposome of 200 nm diameter was attached to the microbubble surface using the avidin–biotin interaction. The analysis of the confocal scanning laser microscope images showed that approximately 8 × 10 8 microbubbles per millilitre (range: 2–7 μm, mean size 5 ± 0.5 μm) can be efficiently conjugated to the liposomes. The method of conjugation was found to be effective in attaching liposome to microbubbles

Timing feedback-inhibition of the male reproductive hormone axis

Hormonal methods of male contraception have addressed feedback-inhbition of the cascade of hormones that has evolved to regulate sperm production but high concentrations of testosterone (T) in the blood have not worked satisfactorily. We hypothesized that an episodic event, such as degranulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus, could be as well inhibited by episodic interference as by continuously-applied suppression. We used a computational model of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis described by Veldhuis et al. to test the hypothesis that episodic administration of T would inhibit GnRH and/or luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. A set of stochastic differential equations model feedback as well as feed-forward actions of GnRH, LH and T. The model predicted feedback-inhibition of GnRH pulses in a dose and frequency dependent manner when transdermal patches or injections delivering pulsatile T were applied. Since the published model did not address the effect of chronic GnRH deprivation on the viability of pituitary gonadotrophes, we introduced a function to address this issue. Incorporation of this function in the model allowed the prediction of a “holiday period” in the contraceptive regimen, during which exogenous T would not be needed to protect from conception. Pulsatile T delivered by real-life transdermal delivery system applied as per a parsimonious regimen reduced secretion of LH and T and fertility. The vitality function, proposed to account for survival and proliferation of pituitary gonadotrophes correlated with in vivo observations as extensive apoptosis in the anterior pituitary was observed after application of transdermal T

Dipole-moment induced capacitance in nanoscale molecular junctions

Nanoscale molecular junctions are celebrated nanoelectronic devices for mimicking several electronic functions including rectifiers, sensors, wires, switches, transistors, and memory but capacitive behavior is nearly unexplored. Capacitors are crucial energy storage devices that store energy in the form of electrical charges. A capacitor utilizes two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric material. However, many oxides-based dielectrics are well-studied for integrating capacitors, however, capacitors comprised of thin-film molecular layers are not well-studied. The present work describes electrochemically grafted thin films of benzimidazole (BENZ) grown on patterned ITO electrodes on which a 50 nm Al is deposited to fabricate large-scale (500 x 500 micron2) molecular junctions. The nitrogen and sulfur-containing molecular junctions, ITO/BENZ/Al act as a parallel-plate capacitor with a maximum capacitance of ~59.6 to 4.79 microFcm-2. The present system can be an excellent platform for molecular charge storage for future energy applications.Comment: 12 Pages, 5 Figure

Morphometric study of acromion process in scapula of north Indian population

Background: In scapula, the acromion process projects forwards almost at right angle from the lateral end of spine. Morphometry of the acromion process is an important factor in contributing to impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint.Methods: The study was performed at Department of Anatomy, PGIMS Rohtak on 50 pairs of human scapula, out of which 30 were males and 20 were females. The various parameters like length, width, thickness, coraco-acromial distance, acromio-glenoid distance and types of acromion process were recorded using vernier calipers. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides.Results: Type-II Acromion i.e. Curved type was found to be most predominant. Statistically significant difference was noted in all the five parameters between males and females except Acromio-glenoid distance on right side.Conclusions: Knowledge of the morphometric parameters of acromion process is important for Orthopaedicians, Anthropologists and Anatomists

A study on morphometry of coracoid process of scapula in north Indian population

Background: Coracoid process is a part of scapula and plays an important role in shoulder function. It arises from the antero-lateral aspect of the scapula. The aim of our study is to record the various morphometric parameters of the coracoid process.Methods: The study was performed on 50 pairs of human scapula of known sex in Department of Anatomy at PGIMS Rohtak. The parameters recorded were length, breadth, thickness, height and types of coraco-glenoid space by using vernier calipers. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides.Results: Type I (round bracket) coraco-glenoid space was found to be predominant. Statistically significant difference was noted in all four parameters between males and females except in thickness on right side. Though all the four parameters have higher values on right side in comparison to left side but the difference was statistically insignificant.Conclusions: The study provides valuable information regarding the role of these parameters in etiology of subcoracoid impingement syndrome which will be helpful in its management to the surgeons

Effect of anaemia on maternal and fetal outcome: an observational study

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy is a globally health-related issue that affects both mothers and their new-born. Hence an observational study to see the effect of anaemia on maternal and foetal outcome was conducted. Methods: 15024 mothers coming in OPD or IPD in past 4 years were recruited and their haemoglobin measured. Descriptive statistics was used for baseline characteristics. This observational study was conducted in department of obs and gynae, GSVM Medical College Kanpur from August 2018 to August 2022. All the data gathered was processed by SPSS version 25. Results: The main outcomes included 4 maternal outcomes (postpartum haemorrhage, shock, ICU admission, and maternal mortality) and 4 neonatal outcomes (foetal growth restriction, birth weight, NICU admission, stillbirth). 60.03% of the mothers were anaemic in our study. Maternal and foetal complications were more in anaemic than non-anaemic mothers with incidence of PPH, shock, ICU admission, and maternal mortality being 14.07%, 11.33% ,4.30 and 1.31% respectively than non-anaemic mothers with incidence of 11.22%, 7.26%, 1.76%, and 7.28% respectively. Foetal outcome was also poorer in anaemic mothers with incidence of FGR, LBW, NICU admission, Still birth being 3.15%, 8.85%, 12.96%, and 1.09% higher than non-anaemic group with incidence being 1.80%, 3.43%, 9.75%, and 0.30 % respectively. Conclusions: This observational study provides valuable insights into the effect of anaemia on both maternal and foetal outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and management of anaemia to mitigate the risks associated with this condition

Reducing stranded assets through early action in the Indian power sector

Cost-effective achievement of the Paris Agreement's long-term goals requires the unanimous phase-out of coal power generation by mid-century. However, continued investments in coal power plants will make this transition difficult. India is one of the major countries with significant under construction and planned increase in coal power capacity. To ascertain the likelihood and consequences of the continued expansion of coal power for India's future mitigation options, we use harmonised scenario results from national and global models along with projections from various government reports. Both these approaches estimate that coal capacity is expected to increase until 2030, along with rapid developments in wind and solar power. However, coal capacity stranding of the order of 133–237 GW needs to occur after 2030 if India were to pursue an ambitious climate policy in line with a well-below 2 °C target. Earlier policy strengthening starting after 2020 can reduce stranded assets (14–159 GW) but brings with it political economy and renewable expansion challenges. We conclude that a policy limiting coal plants to those under construction combined with higher solar targets could be politically feasible, prevent significant stranded capacity, and allow higher mitigation ambition in the future

Reducing stranded assets through early action in the Indian power sector

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