133 research outputs found
Hibridi kukuruza tolerantni prema cikloksidimu - deset godina posle
Duži niz godina, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada radi na razvoju hibrida kukuruza tolerantnih prema cikloksidimu (CTM, Cycloxydim-Tolerant Maize). Gen odgovoran za ekspresiju ovog svojstva je ubaÄen u roditeljske komponente hibrida, a dobijeni genotipovi se po osnovnim agronomskim svojstvima ne razlikuju od originalnih hibrida. Jedina razlika izmeÄu njih je tolerantnost prema cikloksidimu. Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo je prvi u Srbiji tržiÅ”tu ponudio ovu naprednu tehnologiju. ProizvoÄacima su na raspolaganju tri komercijalna hibrida: NS 444 Ultra, NS 5041 Ultra i NS 640 Ultra
Integrated weed management in field crops: sustainability and practical implementation
Integrated Weed Management (IWM) is a sustainable approach to the management of weeds by combining all available weed control techniques, including preventative measures, monitoring, crop rotations, tillage, crop competition, mechanical and physical control, herbicide rotation, herbicide mixtures, biological control, nutrition, irrigation, burning, etc. in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks. The first step in IWM program is to monitor the fields for signs of weed infestation or potential weed problems. Proper weed management involves a thorough survey of each field after crop harvest to identify major weed species in the field. When an annual crop (maize, sugar beet, soybean, wheat, etc.) is to be grown in the field in the following year, this information is used to assess the importance of each weed species and to select the appropriate management strategy to be used for the coming crop. In annual crops, fields are also monitored after the crop has emerged, to assess the effectiveness of the selected management alternative and whether additional management measures are needed. For planting perennial field crops, such as alfalfa, an assessment of weed species composition is conducted after harvest of the previous crop, to determine the appropriate management alternative to be used during the establishment. In an established crop, fields are monitored to determine the need for additional measures to manage annual, biennial and perennial weed species
Uticaj protektanta ciprosulfamida na selektivnost izoksaflutola prema inbred linijama kukuruza
Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate selectivity of isoxaflutole applied pre-emergence, and their mixture with safener cyprosulfamide towards fifteen maize inbred lines. The studied inbred lines responded differently to isoxaflutole, and the most susceptible lines in both years were popcorn inbreds 23 k NS and 24 k NS. The addition of cyprosulfamide proved effective in reducing phytotoxicity to maize inbred lines caused by isoxaflutole.U poljskim ogledima tokom 2008. i 2009. ispitivana je osetljivost inbred linija kukuruza prema herbicidu izoksaflutolu i uticaj protektanta ciprosulfamida na poveÄanje njegove selektivnosti. Selektivnost izoksaflutola prema inbred linijama kukuruza zavisila je od genotipa, primenjene koliÄine herbicida, primene protektanta i vremenskih uslova. U 2008. veÄina inbred linija ispoljila je osetljivost prema izoksaflutolu primenjenom posle setve a pre nicanja u koliÄini 192 g ha-1. Slabija fitotoksiÄnost izoksaflutola utvrÄena je u 2009, a u obe godine najosetljivije su bile linije kokiÄara 23 k NS i 24 k NS. ZajedniÄka primena izoksaflutola i protektanta ciprosulfamida nije izazvala znaÄajnu fitotoksiÄnost, smanjenje visine biljaka ni prinosa zrna kod veÄine ispitivanih linija, ukljuÄujuÄi i pojedine genotipove osetljive prema izoksaflutolu. Ciprosulfamid je znaÄajno doprineo poveÄanju selektivnosti izoksaflutola, Å”to ukazuje na moguÄnost primene ove kombinacije u proizvodnji veÄine ispitivanih inbred linija
Efikasnost novih herbicida za suzbijanje divljeg sirka u kukuruzu
Field trials were conducted in 2010 and 2011 to determine johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) control and maize tolerance to selected new herbicides. The following combinations of post-emergence herbicides were tested: nicosulfuron + dicamba + diflufenzopyr-Na (Celebrity Plus), rimsulfuron + nicosulfuron + dicamba (Cordus plus), nicosulfuron + mesotrione (Elumis OD 105) and foramsulfuron + thiencarbazone-methyl + cyprosulfamid (Monsoon active). Efficacy of selected new herbicides was equal to or better than the standard herbicides. Special attention was paid to the efficacy of Monsoon active, applied with and without the application of products Merlin Flexx (isoxaflutole + cyprosulfamid) and Adengo (isoxaflutole + thiencarbazone-methyl + cyprosulfamid). Higher corn yields were achieved by the combined action of Merlin Flexx or Adengo applied pre-emergence, and Monsoon active applied post-emergence.U dvogodiÅ”njim poljskim ogledima ispitivana je efikasnost novih folijarnih herbicida u suzbijanju divljeg sirka iz rizoma i semena u kukuruzu. Ispitivane su sledeÄe gotove kombinacije herbicida: nikosulfuron + dikamba + diflufenzopir-Na (Celebrity plus), rimsulfuron + nikosulfuron + dikamba (Cordus plus), nikosulfuron + mezotrion (Elumis 105 OD) i foramsulfuron + tienkarbazon-metil + ciprosulfamid (Monsoon active). Efikasnost ispitivanih herbicida bila je na nivou ili bolja od efikasnosti standardnih herbicida. Poseban osvrt dat je na efikasnost preparata Monsoon active, primenjenog sa i bez prethodne primene novih preparata Merlin flexx (izoksaflutol + ciprosulfamid) i Adengo (izoksaflutol + tienkarbazon-metil + ciprosulfamid). VeÄi prinosi kukuruza ostvareni su ukoliko je preparatu Monsoon active prethodila primena preparata Merlin flexx i Adengo. Razlog nije bila bolja ukupna efikasnost u suzbijanju divljeg sirka posle primene Monsoon active, veÄ smanjenje konkurentskog uticaja korova do momenta njegove primene
Rezistentnost korova na herbicide u Republici Srbiji sa predlogom mera za upravljanje rezistentnoÅ”Äu
Korovi rezistentni na pojedine herbicide zahtevaju brze i radikalne promene u suzbijanju korova i proizvodnji konkretnog useva, poveÄavaju troÅ”kove, ugrožavaju održivost upotrebe herbicida, dovode do gubitaka profita i zahtevaju mnogo znanja za sprovoÄenje antirezistentne strategije. Iako relativno slabo poznat Å”iroj agronomskoj javnosti u Republici Srbiji, ovaj fenomen poslednjih nekoliko godina priÄinjava velike Å”tete u proizvodnji nekoliko ekonomski najvažnijih ratarskih useva. Prvo prouÄavanje rezistentnosti korova na herbicide zapoÄeto je 1990-ih godina na vrstama Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album i C. hybridum u odnosu na herbicide inhibitore fotosistema II, tj. atrazin (JanjiÄ i sar, 1994a,b, 1995). Do sada, u Srbiji je kod viÅ”e korovskih vrsta potvrÄena smanjena osetljivost na inhibitore fotosistema II (A. retroflexus, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album i Abutilon theophrasti) i ALS inhibitore (A. retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Datura stramonium, Chenopodium album, Helianthus annuus i Sorghum halepense) (PavloviÄ et al., 2006, 2007, 2008; BožiÄ et al., 2007, 2015; VrbniÄanin et al., 2017)
FiziÄke mere suzbijanja korova u kukuruzu i soji
Pojava rezistentnih korova, kao i ostataka herbicida u životnoj sredini, nameÄu potrebu za koriÅ”Äenjem svih raspoloživih mera. UnapreÄenje postojeÄih i iznalaženje novih mera je od kljuÄnog znaÄaja za održivi sistem poljoprivredne proizvodnje. U integralnom konceptu suzbijanja korova fiziÄke mere nalaze svoju praktiÄnu primenu, kako u organskoj, tako i u konvencionalnoj biljnoj proizvodnji. U fiziÄke mere suzbijanja korova spadaju: mehaniÄke mere (ruÄni alati, drljaÄe, kultivatori, Äetke i kosaÄice), pneumatske mere, termiÄke mere (primena infracrvenih zraka, leda, vrele vode, vodene pare, elektriÄne struje, mikrotalasa, elektrostatiÄkog polja, radijacije, lasera, ultraljubiÄastih zraka, solarne energije i primena plamena) i koriÅ”Äenje malÄa. Od svih navedenih mera suzbijanja korova, mehaniÄke mere su najzastupljenije i Å”iroko primenjene u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Iako se meÄuredna kultivacija redovno koristi, ovom operacijom se korovi mogu suzbiti samo izmeÄu redova. Za suzbijanje korova u zoni reda, moguÄe je primeniti drljaÄu sa opružnim zupcima (mehaniÄku meru) i otvoreni plamen u zoni reda (termiÄku meru). Obe operacije imaju svojih prednosti i nedostataka, a uspeÅ”nost zavisi od biljne vrste, njene faze razvoja, brojnosti i faze korova, kao i vlažnosti zemljiÅ”ta
Suzbijanje korova u združenoj setvi useva pasulja i kukuruza tolerantnog na cikloksidim
Due to the narrow range of available herbicides, weeds are one of the limiting factors for intercropping of dry bean and maize. Various benefits of this production method have been confirmed by the results of many authors. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a cycloxydim-tolerant maize hybrid to expand the ability of weed control in intercroping systems with bean. Three-year field trials were conducted from 2015 to 2017, at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in the vicinity of Novi Sad. Cycloxydim-tolerant maize and dry bean were sown mechanically in alternating strips, with one strip consisting of 4 rows of maize and the other strip containing 6 rows of bean. Combinations of herbicides based on dimethenamid-P, linuron, bentazone and cycloxydim were studied. The effect of herbicides on the number of weeds, fresh weed mass and grain yield of bean and maize was evaluated. No phytotoxicity of the herbicides was observed on the crops, indicating the safety of their use in this production system. The most common weeds were Chenopodium album, Datura stramonium and Sorghum halepense developed from rhizomes. Herbicides had a significant effect in reducing the abundance and fresh mass of the above-ground weed parts. A special contribution of the results obtained is the unique ability to control S. halepense using the cycloxydim-based product. Owing to the above-mentioned possibility, a significant reduction in the number and mass of S. halepense shoots developed from rhizomes was achieved (100% in 2015 and 2016, and >90% in 2017). The results of our trials confirm the contribution of the extension of the choice of herbicides with cycloxydim in this system of intercropping with dry bean and cycloxydim-tolerant maize.Zbog uske palete raspoloživih herbicida, korovi su jedan od ograniÄavajuÄih Äinilaca za gajenje združenih useva pasulja i kukuruza. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita moguÄnost koriÅ”Äenja hibrida kukuruza tolerantnog na cikloksidim radi proÅ”irenja moguÄnosti suzbijanja travnih korova pri združenom gajenju sa pasuljem. TrogodiÅ”nja ispitivanja su obavljena od 2015. do 2017. godine, na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Pasulj i kukuruz tolerantan na cikloksidim posejani su mehanizovano u naizmeniÄne trake, pri Äemu su jednu traku saÄinjavala 4 reda kukuruza, a drugu traku 6 redova pasulja. Ispitivane su kombinacije herbicida na bazi dimetenamida-P, linurona, bentazona i cikloksidima. Ocenjen je uticaj herbicida na broj i svežu masu korova i prinos zrna pasulja i kukuruza. U ogledima nije zabeležena fitotoksiÄnost herbicida prema usevima pasulja i kukuruza, ukazujuÄi na pouzdanost njihove upotrebe u ovom sistemu proizvodnje. Najzastupljeniji korovi u ogledima bili su: Chenopodium album, Datura stramonium i Sorghum halepense iz rizoma. Ispitivani herbicidi su ostvarili znaÄajan efekat u smanjenju brojnosti i sveže mase nadzemnog dela korova. Poseban doprinos dobijenih rezultata ogleda su u jedinstvenoj moguÄnosti primene preparata na bazi cikloksidima, Äime je ostvarena znaÄajna redukcija brojnosti i mase izdanaka S. halepense iz rizoma (100% u 2015. i 2016. godini, a >90% u 2017. godini). Ovim je potvrÄen znaÄajan doprinos u proÅ”irenju palete herbicida sa cikloksidimom u ovom sistemu združenog gajenja pasulja i kukuruza tolerantnog na cikloksidim
Novije moguÄnosti suzbijanja korova u pÅ”enici
Weed control is achieved only by utilizing herbicides and adequate agro-technical measures for wheat, with the use of herbicides against dominant types of weed in a rotating system of plant and vegetable cultures. The most certain solution to the problem of weeds in wheat is to stop sprouting and spreading of resistant weeds. The solution to the problem is facilitated by using a system of rotating plant types and the introduction of specific herbicides based on fluoroxipire, amidosulfurine, florasuluam and cinidon ethyl, depending on the appearance of problem weeds. Within the system of wheat management, regional and global models for controlling weeds for period over 5 years are formed, which implies fundamental changes to the introduction of novel technologies, transgenic cultivars and new herbicides.U radu je prikazan model suzbijanja korova u pÅ”enici i stepen efikasnosti i selektivnosti herbicida u sistem menadžmenta i integralne zaÅ”ite ratarskih useva na regionalnom i globalnom planu. Problem otpornih rezistentnih korova se pojednostavljuje i jednostavno reÅ”ava rotacijom useva i herbicida sa razliÄitim naÄinima delovanja, te uvoÄenjem odgovarajuÄih mera, novih specifiÄnih herbicida za suzbijanje ruralnih i problematiÄnih korova u pÅ”enici. Na taj naÄin se spreÄava nicanje i Å”irenje rezistentnih korova u sistemu smene useva pÅ”enice. Å”eÄerne repe, soje, kukuruza i soje
Oplemenjivanje suncokreta na otpornost prema herbicidima
Used in this study as a donor of genes for resistance to the imidazolinone herbicides was a wild Helianthus annuus L. population collected at Rossville, Kansas, U.S.A. Resistance to imidazolinones/imazethapyr, imazamox, and imazapyr was transferred into three female B-lines and three male Rf-lines by the backross method with constant control of resistance to these herbicides in the acceptor plants. Our study shown that the mode of inheritance of resistance to the imidazolinones is partial dominance and that this resistance is controlled by a single gene. The introduction of NS-hybrids with resistance to imidazolinones into large-scale production is expected to occur in the year 2003. The use of herbicides from the imidazolinone group in sunflower crops will enable successful control Xantbium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Sinapis arvensis, and a number of narrow-leaved weeds, and will also help counter the negative effects of Sorbum balepense (both the seed and rhizome form), Cirsium arvense and Convolvulus arvensis.Ispitivana je moguÄnost oplemenjivanja suncokreta na otpornost prema herbicidima iz grupe imidazolinona, naÄin nasleÄivanja otpornosti i efikasnost preparata na bazi imidazolinona prema dominantnim korovima u suncokretu. Kao donor gena za otpornost prema imidazolinonima, koriÅ”Äena je populacija divljeg Helianthus annuus L. poreklom iz mesta Rossville (Kanzas, SAD). Otpornost prema imazetapiru, imazamoksu i imazapiru preneta je u tri B-linije i tri Rf-linije oca primenom metode povratnih ukrÅ”tanja uz stalnu kontrolu otpornosti prema ispitivanim herbicidima kod biljaka akceptora. Na osnovu ispitivanja naÄina nasleÄivanja otpornosti prema ispitivanim herbicidima u F1, F2 i F1BC1 generacijama utvrÄeno je da se radi o parcijalnoj dominaciji koja je kontrolisana jednim genom. UvoÄenje NS-hibrida otpornih prema imidazolinonima u redovnu proizvodnju treba oÄekivati u 2003. godini. Primenom herbicida iz grupe imidazolinona u usevima suncokreta otvoriÄe se moguÄnost uspeÅ”nog suzbijanja veÄine problematiÄnih korova u usevu suncokreta: Xantbium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Sinapis arvensis i dr. Istovremeno pomenuti herbicidi efikasni su u suzbijanju veÄeg broja uskolisnih korova i deluju depresivno na porast viÅ”egodiÅ”njih korova kao Å”to su Sorbum balepense iz rizoma, Cirsium arvense i Convolvulus arvensis
Proizvodnja kukuruza u uslovima globalnih klimatskih promena
Climate changes and expected variability of climatic parameters represent a serious concern of the 21st century agriculture. At the global level, the further rise in temperature, changed quantity and distribution of precipitation, increased variability of climate parameters and the occurrence of extreme climate events are expected. In order to avoid, or at least reduce the negative effects of global climate change, several adaptation strategies are proposed. Adjustment of production technology and breeding for tolerance to changed environment are proposed as two most important adaptation measures.Klimatske promene i oÄekivana varijabilnost klimatskih parametara predstavljaju ozbiljan izazov za poljoprivredu 21. veka. Na globalnom nivou, oÄekuje se porast temperature vazduha, promene koliÄine i rasporeda padavina, poveÄanje varijabilnosti klimatskih parametara i pojava ekstremnih klimatskih dogaÄaja. U cilju izbegavanja, ili barem redukovanja negativnih efekata globalnih klimatskih promena, predloženo je nekoliko adaptacionih strategija. Kao dve najznaÄajnije mere adaptacije predlažu se prilagoÄavanje tehnologije proizvodnje i oplemenjivanje biljaka na tolerantnost prema izmenjenim uslovima spoljaÅ”nje sredine
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