A "nu" look at gravitational waves: The black hole birth rate from neutrinos combined with the merger rate from LIGO

We make projections for measuring the black hole birth rate from the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) by future neutrino experiments, and constrain the black hole merger fraction $\epsilon$, when combined with information on the black hole merger rate from gravitational wave experiments such as LIGO. The DSNB originates from neutrinos emitted by all the supernovae in the Universe, and is expected to be made up of two components: neutrinos from neutron-star-forming supernovae, and a sub-dominant component at higher energies from black-hole-forming "unnovae". We perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis of simulated data of the DSNB in an experiment similar to Hyper-Kamiokande, focusing on this second component. Since all knowledge of the neutrino emission from unnovae comes from simulations of collapsing stars, we choose two sets of priors: one where the unnovae are well-understood and one where their neutrino emission is poorly known. By combining the black hole birth rate from the DSNB with projected measurements of the black hole merger rate from LIGO, we show that the fraction of black holes which lead to binary mergers observed today $\epsilon$ could be constrained to be within the range $2 \cdot 10^{-4} \leq \epsilon \leq 3 \cdot 10^{-2}$ at $3 \sigma$ confidence, after ten years of running an experiment like Hyper-Kamiokande.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures. v3: Matches version accepted to JCA

Jewish Chaplaincy in the British Armed Forces, from its Inception in 1892 until the Present Day

Only during the last two decades has the entire subject of the interface of war, faith and religion begun to receive scholarly attention. Research has not until now extended to the thesis topic of British Jewish military chaplaincy. The thesis is therefore based largely upon original research, locating material from a broad spectrum of sources, publicly available and private, to form a coherent narrative of British Jewish chaplaincy from its inception in 1892 until the present day. The thesis seeks to understand Jewish chaplaincy as a product of larger social and institutional change and to contextualise it within broader interpretations by leading contemporary historians of British Jewish history and of Jewish military history. It argues that the initiative for the creation and development of Jewish chaplaincy in the British armed forces derived at key points mainly from the British Jewish community through its representative bodies and from some individuals, with the governmental and military authorities in a generally supportive but essentially reactive role. It also argues that during both world wars in the frequent inevitable absence of an official chaplain what might be termed unofficial chaplaincy by Jewish soldiers facilitating spiritual support and religious observance for themselves and others was of real significance

The Effects of Early Entrance to Kindergarten on Reading Achievement

This study investigated the effects of kindergarten entrance age on reading achievement scores at the end of first and sixth grade. The subjects in. this study were one hundred nineteen first grade students and ninety sixth grade students attending classes at the Albion Central School, a small rural district located in Western New York State. Subjects were identified as either early or later kindergarten entrants. The Stanford Achievement Test (1982) was administered in May 1986 to measure subjects\u27 total reading achievement. A Chi-square test of independence was calculated for the categories of early and later kindergarten entrants. A separate Chi-square was calculated for the first and sixth grade samples. Results indicated that there was a significant difference in the reading achievement test scores of early and later kindergarten entrants at the end of first grade. A smaller percentage than expected of early entrants was observed in the high achievement category. A greater percentage than expected of early entrants was observed in the low achievement category. However, in the sixth grade sample no significant difference was observed in the reading achievement of early and later kindergarten entrants

Peacebuilding in Africa

research repor

Low-cost, multi-agent systems for planetary surface exploration

The use of off-the-shelf consumer electronics combined with top-down design methodologies have made small and inexpensive satellites, such as CubeSats, emerge as viable, low-cost and attractive space-based platforms that enable a range of new and exciting mission scenarios. In addition, to overcome some of the resource limitation issues encountered with these platforms, distributed architectures have emerged to enable complex tasks through the use of multiple low complexity units. The low-cost characteristics of such systems coupled with the distributed architecture allows for an increase in the size of the system beyond what would have been feasible with a monolithic system, hence widening the operational capabilities without significantly increasing the control complexity of the system. These ideas are not new for Earth orbiting devices, but excluding some distributed remote sensing architectures they are yet to be applied for the purpose of planetary exploration. Experience gained through large rovers demonstrates the value of in-situ exploration, which is however limited by the associated high-cost and risk. The loss of a rover can and has happened because of a number of possible failures: besides the hazards directly linked to the launch and journey to the target-body, hard landing and malfunctioning of parts are all threats to the success of the mission. To overcome these issues this paper introduces the concept of using off-the-shelf consumer electronics to deploy a low-cost multi-rover system for future planetary surface exploration. It is shown that such a system would significantly reduce the programmatic-risk of the mission (for example catastrophic failure of a single rover), while exploiting the inherent advantages of cooperative behaviour. These advantages are analysed with a particular emphasis put upon the guidance, navigation and control of such architectures using the method of artificial potential field. Laboratory tests on multi-agent robotic systems support the analysis. Principal features of the system are identified and the underlying advantages over a monolithic single-agent system highlighted

The development of child welfare with particular reference to Skellow Hall Children's Home in the West Riding

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